SB 205 
.C8 P4 
Copy 1 




Glass. 

Book C- g P tf 



U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 229. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA 
AND IMMEDIATELY RELATED SPECIES. 



C. V. PIPER, 
Agrostologist in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigation} 



Issued February 29, 1912. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 



Bui.. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. cf Agriculture. 



Plate I. 




Seedlings of Cowpea (Left) and Catjang (Right), Showing Relative Size. 

(One-half natural size.) 



/ 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 229. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA 
AND IMMEDIATELY RELATED SPECIES. 




BY 

C. V. PIPER, 
Agrostologist in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigations. 



Issued February 29, 1912. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 

1912, 



BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 



Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. 
Assistant Chief of Bureau, William A. Taylor. 
Editor j J. E. Rockwell. 
Chief Clerk, James E. .Tones. 



Forage-Crop I xv e stigations. 

SCIENTIFIC STAFF. 

C. V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. 
J. M. Westgate, Agronomist. 

R. A. Oakley and H. N. Vinall, Assistant Agrostologists. 
S. M. Tracy, Special Agent. 

A. B. Conner, A. B. Cron, M. W. Evan.s, Roland McKee, and \Y. J. Morse, Assistants. 
229 
2 



& fir 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Plant Industry, 

Office of the Chief, 
Washington, B.C., July 3, 1911. 
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for 
publication as Bulletin No. 229 of the series of this Bureau the accom- 
panying manuscript, entitled "Agricultural Varieties of the Cowpea 
and Immediately Related Species." This paper has been prepared 
by Prof. C. V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge of Forage-Crop 
Investigations. 

The cowpea is now the most important legume grown in the cotton 
States. At the present time about 15 varieties of this crop are in 
common cultivation in these States. The varieties grown in a small 
way number perhaps twice as many more. Owing to the fact that 
the seed is still largely hand picked, the tendency is for whatever 
variety was first introduced in a locality to persist. The increased 
commercial handling of cowpea seed in recent years has to a consid- 
erable extent changed this condition of affairs, but varieties of relative 
inferiority are still too largely grown. 

In investigating the varieties of cowpeas the effort has been made, 
with the assistance of the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, to 
obtain as many as possible of the existent varieties from all parts 
of the world, so that a comprehensive idea of them could be obtained 
with the end in view of determining which are most valuable. In 
this collection are also included many varieties of the closely related 
species, the asparagus bean and the catjang. While it is very certain 
that the list of varieties that have been brought together for com- 
parison and study is far from exhaustive, yet it is believed that the 
series is sufficiently complete to exhibit all of the characteristics which 
occur in this group of plants that are likely to be of value either 
directly or to the plant breeder. 

On account of the importance of the cowpea various extensive 
investigations of the crop have been undertaken by this Bureau. The 
present bulletin presents the results obtained by a comprehensive 

229 

3 



4 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



study of the varieties, not only of those already occurring in this 
country, but of numerous lots from abroad obtained mainly by the 
Office of Seed and Plant Introduction. Largely on the basis of facts 
ascertained in these studies a great amount of breeding work is being 
conducted by Mr. George W. Oliver, with the idea of developing im- 
proved varieties by combining the best of the traits exhibited. In 
close connection with this work Prof. W. J. Spillman is studying the 
Mendelian behavior of the hereditary characters. The work of Mr. 
W. A. Orton in hybridizing Iron and other cowpeas to develop 
varieties with high yield of forage and seed, together with resistance 
to wilt and other diseases, is also closely allied with these investi- 
gations. 

In the preparation of this paper the author desires to acknowledge 
the assistance of Mr. W. F. Wight on various botanical problems 
involved. Mrs. K. S. Bort has rendered much painstaking aid in 
the compilation of the voluminous notes which have accumulated 
and in authenticating the specimens which have been preserved each 
year so that possible errors might be avoided. 
Very respectfully, 

B. T. Galloway, 

Chief of Bureau. 

Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

229 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

The cultivated species of Vigna 7 

The botanical history of the cultivated vignas 9 

Asparagus b ean 9 

Cowpea 10 

Catjang 11 

Desirable characters in varieties of cowpeas 14 

Variability of the cowpea 15 

Distinctive characters of cowpea varieties 19 

Habit of plant 19 

Stems 20 

Leaves ■ 20 

Flowers 21 

Seeds 21 

Pods 23 

Life period 24 

Malformations 24 

Susceptibility and resistance to diseases 25 

The cowpea flower and its pollination 25 

The origin of new varieties 27 

Similarity in habit of varieties from the same source 28 

Natural crosses 30 

Artificial hybrid cowpeas of known origin 33 

Agricultural history of the cowpea and its varieties in America 34 

Methods of testing different varieties 37 

The best varieties of cowpeas 38 

Commercial varieties of cowpeas 43 

Names that have been applied to varieties of cowpeas and related species 44 

Synopsis of varieties by seed colors 72 

Catalogue and descriptions of varieties , 75 

Conclusions 142 

Index 145 

229 



5 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

Plate I. Seedlings of cowpea and catjang, showing relative size Frontispiece. 



II. Flowers and young pods of catjang 8 

III. Flowers and young pods of the asparagus bean and of the Cream 

cowpea 10 

IV. Fig. 1. — Photomicrograph of a section of extra-floral nectary of the 

cowpea flower. Fig. 2. — Two samples each of seven varieties of 

cowpeas, showing the different types of color distribution 20 

V. Seeds of sixteen varieties of Vigna, showing range in variation of 

shape, size, and color 22 

VI. Pods of catjang No. 22888 24 

VII. Pods of two varieties of cowpeas having curved or coiled pods 26 

VIII. Greenhouse-grown plant of Cream cowpea No. 0632, showing cyatho- 

phylly and other abnormalities of leaves 28 

IX. Pods of two varieties of cowpeas with kidney-shaped seeds 100 

X. Pods of two crowder varieties of cowpeas 114 

XI. Greenhouse-grown plant of cowpea No. 22958, showing the peculiar 

swelling on the base of the stem characteristic of this variety 120 

XII. Pods of two varieties of cowpeas with half crowder seeds 136 

229 
6 



B. P. I. — 69.3. 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA AND 
IMMEDIATELY RELATED SPECIES. 



THE CULTIVATED SPECIES OF VIGNA. 

The botanical genus Vigna, to which the cowpea belongs, is closely 
related to Phaseolus, which includes the common kidney bean. The 
chief diagnostic distinction is that the keel is only slightly curved 
in Vigna and is twisted or spirally coiled in Phaseolus. Vigna has 
also been much confused with Dolichos, which has a keel similar 
to Vigna but has a terminal stigma, while in Vigna the stigma is 
lateral. Botanical works contain descriptions of about 60 species 
of Vigna. Omitting the three cultivated species hereafter mentioned, 
according to Mr. W. F. Wight, these species are distributed as 
follows: Africa, 40; Madagascar, 2; Asia, 5; Java, 2; Australia, 2; 
Hawaiian Islands, 2; South America, 1; and cosmopolitan, 3. 

Most of the species of Vigna are annual, but some are perennial. 
Several are more or less woody. Judging from descriptions alone, 
very few of the noncultivated species seem to possess any characters 
that would be desirable for the plant breeder. Thus far, none of 
the wild species have been grown excepting the common Vigna 
luteola (Jacq.) Benth. (V. glabra Savi), cosmopolitan in subtropic 
regions, and V. vexillata (L.) Benth., obtained from Matanzas, Cuba. 
The latter has the keel somewhat curved and bearing a lateral horn 
very like that of Phaseolus calcaratus. It would therefore seem that 
the original reference by Linnaeus of the plant to Phaseolus is 
correct. 

The cultivated species are three, namely, the asparagus bean, Vigna 
sesquij?edalis (L.) W. F. Wight ; the catjang, Vigna catjang (Burm.) 
Walp. ; and the cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. The differ- 
ences in the botanical characters by which these species are distin- 
guished are comparatively slight (Pis. I, II, and III) and, further- 
more, the species are connected through intermediate varieties. 
Whether we consider that all the varieties are referable to one 
botanical species or to more is of little practical importance. All 
three of them can be readily hybridized, as proved by the work of 

229 7 



8 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Mr. George W. Oliver, and it is not improbable that some or all of 
the forms connecting these species may, in fact, be hybrids. 

The most ancient cultivation of the vignas seems to have been in 
India and to have spread in prehistoric times to China, the whole 
of the Malayan region, and probably much of Africa. It was known 
in southern Europe at least as early as the beginning of the Chris- 
tian Era. 1 As might be anticipated, varieties received from different 
sources are in the main distinct, even if the differences in many cases 
are slight. The very long cultivation of the cowpea in Africa is 
attested by the fact that the varieties from different parts of that 
continent are with few exceptions distinct from those grown else- 
where. 

The numerous varieties of cowpeas that have become established 
in America during the past hundred years probably came, in part at 
least, either from India or China, as the black-eyed and brown-eyed 
varieties are, and probably always have been, practically the only 
ones cultivated in southern Europe. 2 In regard to some of the more 
important varieties, special data will be found in connection with 
their descriptions. 

Notwithstanding the great difficulty in defining clearly the three 
supposed species, each, nevertheless, represents a group of varieties 
having much in common. For the present purposes the species may 
be contrasted as follows: 

Vigna sesquipedalis. — Seeds elongated kidney form, 8 to 12 mm. 
long, their thickness much less than their breadth ; pods pendent, 
much elongated, 1 to 3 feet long, fleshy and brittle, becoming more 
or less inflated, flabby, and pale in color before ripening, and shrink- 
ing about the widely separated seeds when dry. 

Vigna catjang. — Seeds small, usually oblong or cylindric and but 
slightly kidney shaped, 5 to 6 mm. long, nearly or quite as thick as 
broad; pods small, not at all flabby or inflated when green, mostly 
3 to 5 inches long, erect or ascending when green, remaining so when 
dry or at length becoming spreading or even deflexed. 

Vigna unguiculata. — Seeds mostly 6 to 9 mm. long, varying from 
subrenif orm to subglobose ; pods 8 to 12 inches long, early becoming 
pendent, not at all flabby or inflated when green. 

As thus defined the great majority of the varieties classify readily 
into one of the three species. In each species there is a wide range 
of closely similar seed colors, greatest in Vigna unguiculata, least 
in V. sesquipedalis. The small seeds and erect or semierect pods of 
the catjangs are seemingly correlated characters, the erectness of the 
pods apparently being due in large measure to their relatively small 

1 Compare Wight, W. F., Bulletin 102. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture, 1907. 

2 Compare notes given under Dolichos monachalis, p. 11. 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate II. 




Flowers and Young Pods of Catjang: No. 1 1 076B on Left, No. 21 508 on Right. 

(Natural size.) 



THE BOTANICAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED VIGNAS. 9 



weight. It is an interesting fact that several varieties here referred 
to V. unguiculata that have become naturalized in the South have 
unusually small seeds. It is quite possible that V. catjang and V. 
unguiculata are merely varieties of a single species, the small-seeded 
varieties only tending to persist when growing wild or constantly 
subject to weevil attack. It is undoubtedly a fact that the forms 
with small and hard seeds are less injured by weevils than those 
with larger and softer seeds. It may, indeed, be true that this one 
factor tends constantly to eliminate the large- seeded forms when 
growing wild so that only the small-seeded ones persist. 

Of the three species the cowpea is by far the most important, and 
excepting where specially indicated the following pages particularly 
refer to this species. Where all three species are considered collec- 
tively they are spoken of as " vignas." 

THE BOTANICAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED VIGNAS. 

In view of the very numerous varieties of cowpeas, catjangs, and 
asparagus beans, it is not at all surprising that descriptive botanists 
have confused them greatly. It must be borne in mind that the 
older botanists had as material for investigation only one, or, at 
any rate, only a few forms, and were, therefore, unable to judge 
properly of the weight to be given to each character. The earliest 
history of the cowpea has been very fully given by Wight. 1 The 
following data regarding the purely botanical history of the three 
agricultural species present the conclusions arrived at from the 
study of the large amount of material we have grown. 

ASPARAGUS BEAN. 

The asparagus bean was first described by Linnaeus, in 1763, under 
the name of Dolichos sesquipedalis. His material came from 
America, though the plant is undoubtedly native to southern Asia. 
There could seem to be no question regarding the identity of this 
species, and no other specific name has ever been given to it. Its 
proper botanical name is Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) W. F. Wight. 
Martens (Die Gartenbohne, ed. 2, 1869, p. 100) makes the error of 
identifying it with Dolichos sinensis Stickman, which name unques- 
tionably applies to the cowpea. He further quotes Dolichos ses- 
quipedalis as a synonym. This species does not seem to have been 
figured by any pre-Linnsean authors, but a handsome colored plate 
is given by Jacquin. (Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis, 1770, vol. 1, 
pi. 67.) 

1 Wight, W. F. Bulletin 102, pt. 6, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agri- 
culture, 1907. 
229 



10 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, 1/1 ( . 



COWPEA. 

Since the beginning of the use of binomial nomenclature in botany, 
at least eight different specific names have been given to the cowpea. 

(1) The name Dolichos unguiculatus L. (1753) was based on plants 
grown in the Botanic Garden at Upsala, Sweden, the seeds having 
been obtained from Barbados. Linnseus briefly describes the plant 
in his Hortus Upsaliensis, 1747, and again in his Species Plantarum, 
1753. He states that the seeds were purple black. There can be 
but little question that Linnseus's plant is the cowpea, but most sub- 
sequent authors did not recognize this fact. Even Linnaeus himself 
later (1758) referred to this species Rumphius's Cacara nigra, a 
wholly different plant. The figure of Dolichos unguiculatus in 
Jacquin, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis, 1770, volume 1, plate 23, 
is really that of a catjang. 1 

(2) The name Dolichos sinensis Stickman (1759) was based on 
the excellent description and plate of Rumphius's Dolichos sinensis. 
(Herbarium Amboinense, vol. 5, p. 375, pi. 134.) This is clearly 
the cowpea, but a very vining variety. Rumphius had a wide knowl- 
edge of East Indian plants, but apparently knew but two varieties 
of cowpea — one with white and the other with reddish seeds. 

(3) The name Phaseolus sphaerospermus L. (1763) is based pri- 
marily on Browne's description of the black-eyed pea (Civil and 
Natural History of Jamaica, p. 292), and secondarily on Sloane's 
description in his catalogue of the plants of Jamaica and the figure 
of the Calavance in his natural history of Jamaica. Both authors 
give practically the same description, describing the plant as erect. 
There is scarcely any doubt that the variety is the cowpea known 
as Blackeyed Lady or sometimes Gallivant, characterized by its 
small, globose, black-eyed seeds. 

(4) Thunberg (Transactions Linnsean Society, 1794, vol. 2, p. 339) 
gives a brief description of Dolichos umbellatus, but does not describe 
the seeds. He mentions, however, the plant that he had previoush T 
described and referred to D. unguiculatus L. (Flora Japonica, 1784, 
p. 279). In this first description Thunberg gives the Japanese name 
as " Sasage " or " Naga sasage." Under Sasage the Japanese include, 
according to Useful Plants of Japan, both the asparagus bean 
(Juroku sasage) and the cowpea (Sasage, Aka sasage, Hata sasage, 
etc.). To what variety the name Naga sasage refers is uncertain, but 
Sasage alone seems to be used for vining varieties, especially one with 
white seeds. To judge wholly by the figure in Useful Plants of 
Japan, which represents a variety not as yet obtained from Japan, 
Thunberg's plant would be referred to Vigna unguiculata. Among the 
varieties the Japanese cultivate are forms referable to V. catjang, V. 

1 See note on page 143. 

229 



\ 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate III. 




Flowers and Young Pods of the Asparagus Bean (Left) and of the Cream 

Cowpea (Right.) 



(Natural size.) 



THE BOTANICAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED VIGNAS. 11 

sesquipedalis, and V. unguiculata, as well as others that are probably 
of hybrid origin between these species. It should be pointed out, 
however, that Maximowicz, followed by Prain (Journal of the Asiatic 
Society of Bengal, 1897, vol. 66, p. 429), inclines to the view that 
Thunberg's plant is to be referred to Vigna vexillata (L.) Benth. 

(5) Dolichos monaehalis Brotero (Flora Lusitanica, 1804, vol. 2, 
p. 125), commonly called " Feijao fradibono," is said to be cultivated 
throughout Lusitania, Portugal. Brotero describes the plants as 
bushy or but little vining and the seeds as subreniform, 2J lines 
broad, 4 to 5 lines long, white or whitish with a black eye. He states 
that this color is the most frequent, but that varieties with yellowish, 
red, black, and black-spotted seeds occur. He considers the plant to 
be either an American degenerate or more likely a hybrid between 
Dolichos catjang and D. sinensis, both on account of its close affinity 
and also " because occasionally, though very rarely, it produces seeds 
like the parents." Under his description of Dolichos sinensis, Brotero 
says the plant is twining and the seeds whitish, adding that it " de- 
generates very quickly and is changed into Dolichos monaehalis." 
Under Phaseolus nanus, he notes that it is a dwarf variety arising 
under cultivation " just as our Dolichos monaehalis is a dwarf variety 
of D. sinensis" From these notes there can be practically no doubt 
that Brotero based his species largely on its bushy form and that his 
type is one of the common varieties with black-eyed white seeds. 

(6) The name Dolichos melanophthalmus DC. (1825) is based on 
a black-eyed variety of cowpea cultivated in Yasconia (Gascony, 
France, now the provinces of Landes and Gers) and in Italy. 

(7) The name Dolichos olevaceus Schumacher (1827) is based 
on a plant from Guinea, TTest Africa, the seeds of which are de- 
scribed as variegated. It is in all probability a variety of cowpea. 

(8) The name Dolichos bicontortus Durieu (Actes, Societe Lin- 
neeme de Bordeaux, 1896, vol. 27, p. liii) is based on two Japanese 
varieties, one with buff (fulvous) seeds, the other with red, the pods 
in both being circinate or coiled. The variety with buff seeds is 
illustrated by a beautiful colored plate in Flore des Serres, 1873, 
volume 19, plate 1985. It is very similar to S. P. I. No. 21296A, from 
Rangoon district, Burma, India. The red-seeded form is certainly 
the same as No. 29278 from the Tokyo Botanic Garden. The distinc- 
tion of the curved or coiled pod seems to be of formal value only. 

Under botanical rules, the proper name for the cowpea is Vigna 
unguiculata (L) Walp., all of the other names being synonyms. 1 

CATJANG. 

The catjang has had a much simpler botanical history than the 
cowpea, with which many authors have united it as a variety. 



229 



1 See note on page 143. 



12 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



(1) Burmann (Flora Indica, 1768, p. 161) gives a brief description 
of Dolichos catjang and refers to Rumphius's description and plate of 
Phaseolus minor (Herbarium Amboinense, vol. 5, p. 383, pi. 139). 
Rumphius's plate is excellent and there can be no doubt as to the 
identity of his plant, which was a bushy, nontwining, low variety 
with black-eyed white seeds. Linnaeus (Mantissa, 1771, vol. 1, p. 269) 
refers to Burmann's description of Dolichos catjang the description 
and plate of Rumphius above cited, and Rheede's description and 
plate of the Paeru (Hortus Malabaricus, 1688, vol. 8, p. 75, pi. 41). 
Rheede's figure is without doubt the catjang. He speaks of the 
seeds being yellowish to red. In the Systema Plantarum, edition 13, 
1796, volume 2, part 2, page 1105, the specific name is changed to a 
Latin form " catianus." 

(2) Forskal (Fl. ^gypt, Arab., 1775, p. 133) states that Dolichos 
lubia is frequently cultivated in the fields of Egypt. The plant is 
described as diffuse and procumbent. The size and color of the seeds 
are not given but the pods are said to be erect and scabrous. The 
Arabian name is given as " Lubia baeladi." This plant is probably 
the catjang, but the scabrous character of the pod is suspicious. No 
varieties of either cowpea or catjang have been imported from Lower 
Egypt. 

(3) The plant Dolichos tranquebaricus Jacquin (Hortus Botanicus 
Vindobonensis, 1776, vol. 3, p. 39, pi. 70) is beautifully figured by 
Jacquin from specimens grown at Vienna, the seeds from Tranque- 
bar, Madras, India. It is a twining catjang with purple flowers, 
blooming late, small pods 2| inches long, and buff seeds 4 mm. long. 
It is very similar to, if not identical with, S. P. I. No. 29305. 

The technical name of the catjang under botanical rules is Vigna 
catjang (Burn.) Walp. 

It is not unlikely that some of the other botanical names under 
the genera Phaseolus and Dolichos also apply to the above species of 
Vigna. It probably would require an examination of the original 
specimens to determine this positively. Some botanical authors have 
considered that the catjang and the cowpea are mere varieties of the 
same species, and have thus classified them. Exactly the same argu- 
ments, however, apply to the asparagus bean. As a matter of con- 
venience it would seem preferable to maintain all three as species, 
though a complete series of connecting forms exists. 

Besides the above three species of Vigna two others have been re- 
ported to be cultivated. One of these is Vigna nilotica Delile, which 
Sir J. D. Hooker (Niger Flora, p. 311) says occurs in Lower Egypt, 
Nubia, Abyssinia, Senegambia, German East Africa, Mozambique, 
and also in Syria, adding that it is known as " mash " by the Arabs. 
The original description of this plant was by Forskal, who errone- 
ously referred it to Dolichos sinensis. He states that it occurs in wet 

229 



THE BOTANICAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED VIGNAS. 13 

fields in Egypt near the Nile, the roots frequently being immersed. 
Delile later published a beautiful figure of the plant, and states that 
it is abundant in Egypt on the borders of the Nile, especially about 
Byrimbal (Berimbal) and Metoubis (Matubis). Delile's figure, as 
well as authentic botanical specimens, shows this species to be very 
different from any of those described above and easily recognizable 
by its small, sharp-pointed, hairy pods, which are borne in clusters 
of 5 to 10. It seems not unlikely that Hooker confused the cowpea 
with this species, as the cowpea is abundantly cultivated throughout 
Africa, and thus far we have not obtained Vigna nilotica from any 
source. 

Under Vigna capensis Walp., Hiern (Catalogue of African Plants 
collected by Welwitsch, 1896, vol. 1, p. 257) gives a field, note of 
Welwitsch on a single specimen to the effect that this is planted in 
fields of sugar cane near Boa Vista, Portugese West Africa. It is 
quite likely that this particular specimen is really the cowpea, as 
this is commonly grown by the natives in Africa. Two different 
plants have been named Vigna capensis, both from South Africa, 
where no botanist has spoken of them as being cultivated plants. 

The treatment of the agricultural varieties of cowpeas and cat- 
jangs by botanical writers is very diverse. Hasskarl, 1842 (Flora, 
25th year, vol. 2, Beiblatter, pp. 50, 51), calls the cowpea Dolichos 
sinensis and describes four varieties: Ater with black seeds; rubigi- 
nosus with reddish seeds; elongatus with pods 14 to 18 inches long 
and punctulate reddish seeds; and maculatus with reddish seeds 
spotted with chestnut. His " var. elongatus " is perhaps a variety of 
asparagus bean. Miquel, 1845 (Flora Indiae Bataviae, vol. 1, p. 187), 
adopts all of Hasskarl's varieties under Vigna sinensis. Voigt, 1845 
(Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis, p. 232), apparently unites the cow- 
pea and the catjang under one species, Dolichos sinensis, calling the 
former " var. eccremocarpus " on account of its pendulous pods and 
the latter " var. orthocarpus " owing to its erect pods. Martens, 1869 
(Die Gartenbohne, ed. 2, p. 99), takes up DeCandolle's name Dolichos 
melanophthalmus for the black-eyed cowpea and describes as " var. 
oryzoides " a buff-seeded form he obtained in Venice. As a sub- 
variety of this he also mentions a brown-seeded form from Berlin, 
Lisbon, Tivoli, and Stuttgart. For the asparagus bean he errone- 
ously adopts Dolichos sinensis in preference to D. sesquipedalis, and 
under it lists the four varieties of Hasskarl mentioned above. Mar- 
tens's conception of Dolichos catjang L. is given under four different 
varieties, viz, niger, rufus, luteolus, and variegatus. The first two 
are catjangs mentioned by Louriero (Flora Cochinchinensis, vol. 1, 
p. 539) under the vernacular names "Dau den" and "Dau dea," the 
former with black, the latter with reddish seeds ; var. luteolus is Vigna 
luteolus J acquin, a perfectly distinct species ; var. variegatus is based 

229 



14 AGKICULTUEAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

on seeds secured in Berlin, the seeds being yellowish sprinkled with 
dark specks. 

DESIRABLE CHARACTERS IN VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 

The numerous varieties of coAvpeas exhibit a considerable range of 
characteristics, but owing to the indeterminate nature of the plant's 
growth, and the great fluctuating variations caused by soils or sea- 
son, the characters are often obscured. The characteristics that are 
most important in the cowpea when considered purely as a forage 
crop are as follows : 1 

1. Size and vigor. 

2. Habit, especially erectness and height. 

3. Prolificness. 

4. Disease resistance. 

5. Weevil resistance of seeds. 

6. Ability to retain leaves late in the season. 

7. Time of maturity, or life period. 

8. Evenness of maturity. 

From our present knowledge of the cowpea we would define the 
ideal forage variety to be planted alone as follows : Tall ; vigorous ; 
bushy in habit; leafy, the leaves persisting late; prolific, the pods 
well filled and held well above the ground ; the seeds hard and there- 
fore rather small; medium early, maturing in 80 to 100 days; and 
immune from or resistant to serious diseases. Toward the north 
earlier maturing is desirable. For planting in corn or sorghum, a 
strong vining habit is an additional desideratum. Fortunately, some 
varieties are half bushy when planted alone, but sufficiently vining 
where a support is available. Where cowpeas are to be used as 
human food or to be pastured by hogs, the yield of pods and seeds is 
most important, the erectness of the plant being a secondary 
consideration. 

A number of existing varieties, as Whippoorwill, New Era, and 
Iron, approach the foregoing ideal. There can be little doubt that 
by the judicious crossing of these and other varieties this ideal, or 
any similar one, can be closely realized. 

The seeds of white or nearly white cowpeas usually sell for a 
higher price than do other varieties, owing to the fact that they are 
used as a table vegetable. It is therefore desirable, if possible, to 
develop a first-class forage cowpea with white or nearly white seeds. 
Unfortunately, none of the white or nearly white seeded varieties 
have the habit most desired in a forage cowpea. The crosses thus far 
made to develop such an all-purpose cowpea are not satisfactory, 
but the end is worthy of much more effort. 

1 Compare Galloway, B. T., Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, for 1908. p. 147. 
229 



VARIABILITY OF THE COWPEA. 



15 



It is doubtful if any of the very late varieties of cowpeas, which 
means those that require, under American conditions at least, 120 
days to mature their first pods, will find a place in our agriculture. 
According to Prof. P. H. Rolfs, a very late cowpea that could be 
planted in May and would not mature until late September would 
be desirable in Florida, as it would shade the ground during the 
summer and mature at the best season for curing hay. A large num- 
ber of very late varieties were tested in Florida in 1909 with this 
end in view, but none proved satisfactory, and it seems probable 
that other legumes will meet the need much better than cowpeas. 

VARIABILITY OF THE COWPEA. 

Under different conditions of soil or climate most varieties of the 
cowpea exhibit marked fluctuating variations. On rich soil, or when 
planted early, the general tendency is to produce a large amount of 
vine and but few pods. Unusually moist seasons seem to have the 
same effect. On poor and especially on sandy soils, or when sown 
late, the plants tend to be much more prolific of seed and to produce 
decidedly less herbage. Moderate drought has a very similar effect. 
Very severe drought, however, prevents most varieties from producing 
pods. Thus, at Chillicothe, Tex., in 1910, the drought was so severe 
that such varieties as Whippoorwill, Brabham, Groit, Iron, and 
others produced scarcely a pod, though making fair vegetative 
growth. In marked contrast, Blackeye No. 22050 produced a good 
crop of pods. A number of varieties, like New Era and Whippoor- 
will and to a less extent Iron, are half bushy when grown thickly. 
When grown isolated, all these will produce long, trailing branches 
and be decidedly decumbent ; when planted in corn their vining char- 
acter is accentuated. These fluctuating variations are so marked, 
the number of varieties of cowpea so large, and the seed so often 
mixed that the idea has not unnaturally arisen that the cowpea is in 
an almost continuous state of change, new varieties arising constantly, 
many of them not permanent. This idea has been upheld by a num- 
ber of writers on cowpeas, but in no case has satisfactory evidence of 
its truth been advanced. 

A few varieties, such as Whippoorwill, New Era, Iron, and 
others, have been well known for at least a decade. If these were 
constantly varying, we should expect that seeds from different 
sources would yield different looking plants. To test this, seeds 
of Whippoorwill were obtained from the following different sources : 
Richmond, Ya. ; Fayetteville, Ark. ; Hickory, N. C. ; Xewbern, K C. ; 
Felton, Del. : Memphis, Tenn. ; Blodgett, Mo. ; and Coulterville, 111. 
These seeds were planted in 1908 at Arlington Farm and grown in 
comparison with a strain of the same variety that has been grown 

229 



16 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

at Arlington for five successive years. A careful study of these 
plants during the season failed to show any marked differences. 
They were as nearly identical both in habit and time of maturity 
as the plants of the same variety that had been grown at Arlington 
Farm for the preceding five years. 

In 1909 seed of Whippoorwill or supposed Whippoorwill was 
obtained from 101 additional sources in the following States: Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Geor- 
gia, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas. These were planted 
in rows at Arlington in 1910 for comparison with several pedigreed 
lots that had been grown there for at least three years. With a 
few exceptions, the striking thing about these lots was their exceed- 
ingly close likeness with respect to habit, size, and date of maturity. 
Indeed, it was difficult to select rows that showed any evident supe- 
riority. There can be no question as to their representing the same 
agricultural variety. No evidence whatever was shown in these 
lots of any tendency for northern-grown seed to mature earlier or 
for extreme southern-grown seed to mature later. Six numbers of 
the lot were found to be somewhat earlier and of lower stature, and 
these all proved to have diverse seeds, varying in some cases from 
marbled to brown, even in the same pod. As this is exactly what 
occurs in certain Whippoorwill crosses, the hybrid origin of these 
lots is scarcely to be questioned. Indeed, they match certain known 
hybrids of Whippoorwill almost exactly. Two lots were identical 
with Peerless, S. P. I. No. 26495, the seeds of which are scarcely dis- 
tinguishable from Whippoorwill. One lot, Office No. 01122. from 
Brookhaven, Miss., was so late that it matured no pods. This is 
almost certainly the same as S. P. I. No. 25369. 

The evidence, therefore, indicates that Whippoorwill is a very 
uniform variety, but that at least two other varieties, namely, Peer- 
less and No. 25369, have practically identical seeds. 

Of the New Era variety, seven lots from different sources were 
tested in 1908 and several additional lots in 1910. They all proved 
to be identical in size, habit, and life period. 

Black-seeded cowpeas with subreniform seeds, so far as American 
sorts are concerned, belong mainly to two varieties, Early Black or 
Congo, S. P. I. No. 17336, and Black, No. 29292. Forty-nine lots 
of seed were obtained in 1910 from as many different sources, and 
most of these belong to one or the other of these two varieties. In- 
deed, only two of the lots are really different, S. P. I. No. 29302 and 
Office No. 01054. Some slight degree of difference is shown in the 
maturing of the various lots of Black and of Early Black, amounting 
to about a week in each case. Such differences may be permanent or 
merely fluctuations. 

229 



VARIABILITY OF THE COWPEA. 



17 



In a few instances it has been noted that varieties of cowpeas 
which matured together in one season showed differences in another 
season; thus, Blackeyes Nos. 17335, 17329, and 22050 all matured 
together in 1909. In 1910, No. 17335 was ten days later than No. 
22050 and five days later than No. 17329. Such differences have not. 
therefore, been considered of varietal value unless accompanied by 
other characters. In the case of these three black-eyed varieties the 
difference in time of maturing seems quite clearly a fluctuating 
variation, but it is by no means certain that all or most such differ- 
ences are of this character. 

With buff-seeded cowpeas the case is far more complicated. Lots 
of buff-seeded kidney cowpeas obtained from 142 different sources in 
the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, 
Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Indiana, and 
Kansas were planted in 1910 and compared with about 20 lots pre- 
viously obtained. After eliminating several lots identifiable with 
Iron and two lots that proved to be Cotton Patch, the remainder 
showed great similarity in habit but varied greatly in their life 
periods and correlated size. They could be fairly well classified into 
four groups as regards their time of maturity — early, medium, me- 
dium late, and late — requiring respectively about 70, 80, 90, and 115 
days to mature their first pods. The early lots are apparently 
identifiable with what has been commonly known as Warren's Hy- 
brid or Warren's Extra Early; the medium and medium late make 
up most of what is currently known as Clay ; while the late is what is 
known for the most part as Unknown or Wonderful. It must be ad- 
mitted that each of these groups shows much more variability in life 
period than Whippoorwill, for example. Indeed, almost every pe- 
riod of maturity was represented in the series, from the earliest to 
the latest. A number of lots in each group might properly be con- 
sidered distinct varieties except for the fact that, under Arlington 
conditions at least, the difference amounted principally if not wholly 
to a few days more or less in time of maturing. It would require 
several years' testing to determine whether these differences in life 
period are permanent or only transitory. 

Most American cowpeas with maroon kidney-shaped seeds go as 
Red Ripper. About forty different lots with such seeds were tested 
in 1910. These clearly represent at least eight distinct varieties by 
habit and seed characters. If slight differences in life period are 
considered, twice as many varieties could be distinguished. Great 
discrepancies in published data concerning the Red Ripper are, there- 
fore, to be expected, and unquestionably several different varieties 
have been used by different experimenters under this name. 
2968°— Bui. 229—12 2 



18 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



It is quite possible that marked differences in earliness, prolific- 
ness, etc., may be developed in any variety by selection either natural 
or artificial, but no good evidence of any such change has yet been 
shown where selection does not enter. It is doubtful, indeed, how 
much selection alone will do toward improving the cowpea. But 
little work has been done along this line so far, because hybridizing 
has seemed to offer better promise. 

It must not be assumed from the above discussion that a variety 
should be of equal value regardless of soil or climate. On the 
contrary, it is perfectly certain that varieties that are valuable in 
certain parts of the country are of distinctly less value elsewhere. 
For example, the Brabham cowpea, a new variety, has proved its 
high value in the sandy lands of South Carolina, Georgia, and 
Florida, in the semiarid lands of the Texas Panhandle, and elsewhere. 
Farther north it is unreliable, tending to go largely to vine. This 
was also the experience with it on the rich muck lands near Stock- 
ton, Cal. At Arlington Farm it produced very little seed in 1908, 
a normal season as to rainfall, while in 1909, an abnormally dry 
season, it was at least equal to the best of over 100 varieties grown, 
A study of the data accumulated regarding this variety points to 
the conclusion that it has too great vegetative vigor under favorable 
conditions to seed heavily and that the retarding effects of com- 
paratively poor soil or of light rainfall are necessar}^ to make it 
highly productive of fruit. On the other hand, it is well to remem- 
ber that such well-known varieties as the TVhippoorwill and New 
Era are grown with satisfaction over a wide area with many different 
soils and climates. 

In apparent contrast to the above conclusions, Newman 1 records 
that different lots of seed of TVhippoorwill, Clay, Unknown, Black- 
Red Ripper, New Era, and Blackeye gave greatly different results as 
regards yield of hay when planted side by side. Thus different lots 
of Whippoorwill varied in yield per acre from 1,300 to 2,200 pounds ; 
Clay, 3,800 to 8,700; Unknown, 3,300 to 7,000; Red Ripper, 2,300 to 
4,600; New Era, 700 to 1,900; Blackeye, 700 to 4,000. Prof. Newman 
hazards the suggestion that these wide variations in yield are — 

probably due, in part at least, to the greater or less adaptability of the soil or 
climate, or both, where the tests were made as compared with the soil and 
climate where the seed was grown. Another cause for the variation may be 
due to the development of strains of the different varieties from their having 
been grown in certain localities for a number of years. 

The point is one of importance and needs to receive further atten- 
tion. The testing work at Arlington has in no case, where the identity 

1 Bulletin 80, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 73. 

229 



DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF COWPEA VARIETIES. 



19 



of the variety was certain, shown any notable variations in size or 
vigor of the plants. 

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF COWPEA VARIETIES. 

The distinguishing characters of cowpea varieties are. except for 
the color of flowers and color and shape of the seeds, subtle and diffi- 
cult to define. In the descriptions here given the following categories 
of characters are considered and their various differences defined as 
indicated. 

HABIT OF PLANT. 

The different varieties of cowpeas show every possible habit stage 
from perfectly prostrate to perfectly erect. With a very few ex- 
ceptions the branches are viny and also twining, at least toward the 
tips. Notwithstanding the great differences in habit the type of 
branching is the same in all the cultivated vignas. The great differ- 
ences displayed are dependent primarily on the degree of develop- 
ment of the branches. The development of the lower or basal 
branches is much greater when the plants are isolated. When grow- 
ing close together the development of these branches is inhibited or 
else they become ascending, due to crowding and shading. For com- 
parative purposes it is perhaps most useful to consider the type of 
habit exhibited by a variety when planted in rows 2J to 3 feet apart, 
a common method of planting. When planted in corn the vining 
habit of the plant becomes more greatly developed and when sown 
thickly broadcast the bushy habit predominates. For convenience 
five types of plants as to habit may be recognized and defined as 
follows : 

1. Prostrate. — The whole plant lying prone on the ground. 

2. Procumbent. — Stems and branches weak, forming a low, flat mass. When 

planted in a row the mass of vines is two to four times as broad as 
high. 

3 Low, half bushy. — Mass of vines in rows once to twice as broad as high; 
basal branches prostrate or but slightly ascending; pods, therefore, 
held low, many of them touching the ground. 

4. Tall, half bushy. — Main axis tall and comparatively stout, usually twining 

at top ; branches mostly ascending, few, if .any. prostrate : pods, there- 
fore, held comparatively high. Examples. Whippoorwill and New Era. 

5. Treelike or erect. — Main axis tall, erect, twining not at all. or only at the 

top ; branches mostly short, the long basal ones being absent or only 
occasionally found. 

Unsatisfactory as this or any such classification may be. it never- 
theless indicates with a reasonable degree of clearness the range of 
habit exhibited by the cultivated vignas. All these characters show 
much variation due to vigor, stoutness, and richness of branching, in 
which there is practically every possible step represented in our 

229 



20 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

series. The most important characteristics from an agronomic stand- 
point are height, vigor, and prolificness. Practically all of the really 
valuable varieties fall in groups 3, 4, and 5, the very best being in 
group 4. The ideal habit for field use would seem to be exhibited by 
the more vigorous arborescent varieties, such as catjangs Xos. 21292, 
21602, and 22759, but unfortunately the best of these are very late 
and, under American conditions at least, not prolific. The procum- 
bent and prostrate varieties are of little value except for use as pas- 
ture or as a cover crop. It would seem highly improbable that the 
seed of any of these last could ever be grown cheaply enough to com- 
pete with the half-bushy varieties, notwithstanding that several of 
the procumbent sorts, such as Xo. 21006, are the most vigorous 
growers of all. 

There is often marked difference in the appearance of plants grow- 
ing isolated and those of the same variety when more or less crowded. 
This is especially marked in the half-bushy varieties. In these the 
basal branches grow inordinately when the plants are isolated so that 
the result is a procumbent mass. On the contrary, when the plants 
are grown close together the development of the basal branches is 
usually much inhibited and the main stem is correspondingly taller 
so that the plants are much more bushlike in habit. In the varieties 
that are normally procumbent or prostrate this effect is much less 
marked, as the vines of such varieties are seldom stiff enough to hold 
up. The few truly upright (arborescent) varieties, which have no 
trailing basal branches, seem to maintain this character whether 
growing isolated or close together. 

STEMS. 

The stem possesses very few characters which are of value as dis- 
tinguishing marks. Such differences in stoutness as exist may be 
characterized by the terms coarse, medium, and fine. The color of the 
stems is correlated with that of the leaves. Thus, pale stems are 
associated with pale leaves and purple stems with purple leaves, but 
the stem may show all degrees in the extent of purple color. The 
coloring is most common at the nodes and on the peduncles. A small 
amount of purple in the stems may or may not be associated with 
purple coloration in the leaves even in the same variety. The first 
cold nights of autumn not only cause an increase in the amount of 
purple coloration but also cause it to appear in varieties where it was 
not before evident, especially on young pods. 

LEAVES. 

Economically, the most important leaf character is the ability to 
persist on the vines till the pods are mature. This is very character- 
istic of the Iron variety. Other characters observable but difficult 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. 




Fig. 1.— Photomicrograph of a Section of Extra-Floral Nectary of the Cowpea 
Flower. From a Section Prepared by Dr. Albert Mann. 



^ & ^ 



<...-,- if, ■ 



Fig. 2.— Two Samples Each of Seven Varieties of Cowpeas, Showing the Dif- 
ferent Types of Color Distribution. 

(Natural size.) 




DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF COWPEA VARIETIES. 21 

to define are the size of leaves, varying from small to very large; 
color, ranging from very pale to very dark; and number, varying 
from few to very numerous, the number being correlated with the 
length of the internodes. Such characters are of definitive value 
only when approaching one extreme or the other. In a few cases 
closely related varieties may be distinguished by the leaf surface ; for 
example, Iron has nearly plane leaves, while most other buff -seeded 
varieties have leaves decidedly undulate. 

FLOWERS. 

The flower of the cowpea occurs principally in two colors : White, 
or nearly white, and pale violet or purple, in each case the eye being 
yellow. The violet color merges by almost insensible degrees to the 
white. The back of the standard is paler and often yellowish in the 
white flowers or greenish in the violet. White flowers are mainly 
associated with white or partly white seeds. The violet-flowered 
sorts are far more numerous. 

SEEDS. 

Seeds of cowpea varieties differ in color, shape, and size. These 
seed characters are by far the most useful by which to distinguish 
varieties. Unfortunately, however, there are many examples of per- 
fectly distinct varieties whose seeds are indistinguishable. On the 
other hand some varieties are distinguishable only by the seeds. 

Color. — The seeds of all three species of Vigna have practically the 
same range of colors. These may be classified into two groups, (1) 
those in which the coloration is not uniform over the whole seed and 
(2) those in which the color or pattern is uniform. 

Seeds whose color or color pattern is not distributed over the whole 
surface exhibit four types of variation : 

(1) Spotted, with round or roundish spots. 

(2) Marbled, with spots elongate and running together, as in Whippoorwill. 

(3) Speckled with minute dots; as, for example, in Taylor and New Era. 

(4) Marbled and speckled; as, for example, in Groit. 

The commonest type has the second color concentrated about the 
hilum, as in Blackeye, Browneye, etc. The term hilum as here used 
refers to the scar at the place where the seed was attached to the pod. 
It is always nearest the chalazal end of the seed and is lanceolate in out- 
line, the broad end being next to the micropyle. The hilum is always 
whitish in color, excepting its sides, which are nearly always dark 
olive. In most cowpeas the raised circle about the hilum is different 
in color from the body of the seed, in which case it is referred to as 
the iris. This "eye spot" varies in different varieties from small 
(in seeds designated "eyed") to very large (in "saddled" seeds). 

229 



22 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Where a larger area is colored, the color tends first to cover the 
micropylar end of the seed. A third extension of the colored area 
appears usually in isolated blotches of varying size and position as in 
Holstein No. 22725 (PL V). In the fourth type the whole seed is 
colored excepting the chalazal end (PL IV, fig. 2). In these va- 
rious distributions of the second color it is to be noted that speck- 
ling and marbling both behave in the same manner as a single color. 

Marbling, so far as known, occurs in but four combinations — brown 
on a buff ground, brown on pink, black on red, and buff on black. 
Speckling occurs as blue (diluted black?) on buff and brown on 
buff. Three varieties, Groit, No. 29295, and No. 11076B, have a 
combination of both marbling and speckling. 

That these color distributions are really definite types would seem 
to be proved by the fact that each type occurs in several different 
color combinations and that no other types of color distribution 
occur. The known results from hybridizing are all confirmatory of 
the above conclusion. 

In unicolored seeds buff or clay occurs in more varieties than any 
other color, followed by black and by maroon, respectively. The 
other colors are represented by only a few varieties each. These are 
all intergrades from white to yellowish, buff to pink, and pink to 
maroon. Black in all cowpeas is really very dark violet, as may be 
seen in immature seeds or in seeds that for any reason have ripened 
prematurely. Furthermore, certain hybrids with black as one parent 
have violet-colored seeds by dilution of the black. In several cases 
of varieties having bluish or purplish seeds the color is not uniform 
in shade, the depth or amount of color varying on different seeds 
or in different parts of the same seed, or both. The presence of a 
small amount of black blood in buff-colored varieties of hybrid origin 
is often indicated by occasional seeds having splotches of violet, 
especially on the ends. Some hybrids with black exhibit a dirty gray 
or dirty violet black with a granular appearance; as, for example, 
Watson. At times this granular coloration is similar to the speckling 
found in Taylor, but certainly is not the same. From various hybrids 
that have been made there are suggestions as to other interrelations 
of the colors that occur, the complete elucidation of which will re- 
quire much investigation. 

Some suggestions may be hazarded as to which of these colors or 
color patterns are primitive. The evidence would seem to indicate 
that black, black-eye, marbled, and speckled are all fundamentally 
different, and it is doubtful if any one of these can be derived by 
combination of pure strains of the others. The same may be true 
of white, cream, and maroon. Buff can be obtained by crossing 
marbled and speckled, some of the hybrids losing the markings and 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate V. 









/ 




































5 ^ 
























7 
















































// 
































Seeds of Sixteen Varieties of Vigna, Showing Range in Variation of Shape, 
Size, and Color. The Top Three Rows Are Catjangs, the Bottom Two 
Rows Are Asparagus Beans, and the Others Are Cowpeas. 

Beginning with the top row, the varieties are as follows: No. 21934, Upright; No. 21603B; No. 
21293D; No. 0625H; No. 17420, Blackeyed Lady; No. 17406, Michigan Favorite; Ko. 22052, 
Black Crowder; No. 17430, Iron; No. 27867; No. 22721, Sport; No. 22725, Holstein; No. 17342, 
Taylor; No. 27548, Ram's Horn Blackeye; No. 22746; No. 25149; No. 25148. 

(Natural size.) 



DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF COWPEA VARIETIES. 



23 



having only the buff ground color left. Much additional work is 
necessary to determine all these points with certainty. 

The colors of the seeds as here given are based on fresh, uninjured 
seeds. Old seeds become much darker, so that buff, pink, and maroon 
finally may become indistinguishable. Where the ripe pods have 
been frequently wet by rains and covered with black mold, the seed- 
also become discolored, usually yellowish or brownish. The termi- 
noloffv used for the colors is based on Ridgway's Nomenclature of 
Colors. 

Shape. — Cowpea seeds may be conveniently if not very clearly put 
into five categories as to shape — reniform or kidney shaped, sub- 
reniform. oblong, rhomboid, and globose. In some varieties the 
whole seed is rounded and plump, in others the sides may be shrunken 
so that the back of the seed is more or less conspicuously " keeled." 
The seed coat is usually smooth, but often transversely and finely 
wrinkled, especially in white or nearly white seeds. As both smooth 
and wrinkled seeds may occur in the same pod, the character has 
little distinctive value except in a few cases. 

The shape of the seed is closely correlated with that of the pod. 
Where the seeds are separate from each other while developing they 
are invariably reniform or subreniform, more elongated or less in 
proportion to the distance they are apart. Where the seeds touch 
each other while growing, flattened ends and usually a more oblong 
shape result. If the seeds are crowded so closely that they become 
cuboid or rhomboid, such varieties are designated as " half crowders." 
Where the seeds are closely crowded while developing they become 
when mature either globose or compressed. Such pods and varieties 
are called " crowders." Crowder pods are commonly cylindric in 
form or else broader than they are thick, and the pod is usually of 
rather thick and brittle texture. It must be borne in mind that the 
seeds are largest just before they mature and it is the pressure at this 
time that in the main determines their form; hence, considerable 
variation in the shape of seeds may be noted even in the same pod. 
depending on the position in the pod and the amount of pressure 
experienced. 

Size. — The size of the seeds from the smallest catjangs on the one 
hand to the Taylor variety, the largest extreme on the other, is well 
shown in the illustrations. To some extent these also show the vari- 
ation in size in each variety. This variation may be considerable 
even in different pods on the same plant. The latest formed and 
therefore half -starved pods are often undersized, with correspond- 
ingly small seeds. 

PODS. 

The general interrelations of seeds to pods have been already 
described. The shape of the pod is usually curved or falcate. In 

229 



24 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

some varieties, however, it is practically straight and in a very few 
coiled into one or even two complete turns. (See Xos. 21296A and 
29278 in PL VII.) 

In most varieties of cowpeas the pod is more or less torulose ; that 
is, constricted between the seeds. In others, however, the pods are 
terete, not at all torulose. The color of the mature pods is drab in a 
comparatively few varieties, straw yellow in most. In the latter case 
the yellow may be more or less tinged with purple, a few varieties 
having uniformly purple pods. In such cases the purple coloration 
is usually evident in the immature pods also. In at least one variety, 
No. 25786, the pod is yellowish with short, linear, purple splotches. 

Most varieties of cowpeas do not shatter their seeds at all. Some, 
however, dehisce much more easily than others, this character being 
usually associated with thin pod valves, which sometimes become 
coiled after separating. In a few of the catjangs the pods shatter 
much like vetches, the valves coiling immediately into a close spiral. 
The most marked example of this is No. 2 1505 A. (PI. VI.) 

LIFE PERIOD. 

There is a wide variation in the time required for different kinds 
of cowpeas to mature. Furthermore, accurate comparisons are diffi- 
cult, because the period of fruiting extends over a considerable length 
of time, which varies according to the season. Perhaps the safest 
basis of comparison is the riperfing of the first pod, which is usually 
about 10 to 15 days before most of the pods ripen. The earliest 
cowpea known to us is Xo. 29282, which ripens its first pods at Arling- 
ton Farm in 65 days. Varieties called early usually require 80 days 
or more. Whippoorwill matures its first pods in 82 days. The latest 
varieties that mature at Arlington Farm require 130 days, but many 
of the lots received from tropical sources do not even bloom under 
Arlington Farm conditions. 

The length of time between planting and the ripening of the first 
pods also varies with the time of planting. Thus, Mooers 1 found that 
the TVhippoorwill varied in time from planting to maturity as fol- 
lows: Planted April 15, 183 days; May 1, 168 days; May 15, 153 
days; June 5, 132 days; June 17, 113 days; June 29, 101 days. 

The life period also varies in some cases from season to season, not 
only in actual period of time but in comparison with other varieties, 
as before mentioned. 

MALFORMATIONS. 

Cowpea leaves with four or five leaflets are by no means uncom- 
mon. The small amount of evidence available indicates that this 
character is to some degree hereditary, probably comparable in this 



1 Bulletin 82, Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 



Plate VI. 




Pods of Catjang No. 22888. 

(Natural size.) 



THE COWPEA FLOWER AND ITS POLLINATION. 25 



respect to the heredity of the 4-leaved and 5-leaved clover plants as 
determined by De Yries. 

A rare malformation of the leaves among cowpeas is the forma- 
tion of pitchers or ascidia. Some illustrations of these curious 
growths are shown in Plate VIII. 

SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE TO DISEASES. 

The cowpea is affected by a considerable number of diseases, the 
most common being wilt (Neoeosmospora vasinfecta var. nivea Erw. 
Sm.) ; root-knot caused by the nematode worm (Heterodera radici- 
cola (Greef) Mull.) ; rust (Uromyces phaseoli) ; white leaf -spot 
(Amerosporium economicwn) ; red leaf -spot (Cercospora cruenta) ; 
and mildew (Sphaerotheca sp.). Root-knot and wilt are so common 
throughout much of the cotton belt that most cowpea varieties suffer 
serious damage. The Iron variety and some recently bred hybrids 
of Iron are completely resistant to these diseases, and only such 
should be grown where these diseases prevail. (See Webber and 
Orton, Bulletin 17, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture.) 

Rust is a disease to which most standard American varieties of 
cowpeas are immune. Many recently imported varieties, especially 
from China and India, are, however, very susceptible to this disease 
and suffer severe injuries from it. That other varieties are com- 
pletely immune to rust would appear from the fact that they are 
never affected even when growing contiguous to a rusted variety on 
the same ground for several years in succession, which has been the 
experience at Arlington Farm. This disease was very much in 
evidence at Arlington in 1908 and 1909, but was entirely absent in 
1910. 

The two leaf-spot diseases are very common and most varieties of 
cowpeas are subject to one or the other of them — many, indeed, being 
affected by both. The most serious apparent result is the early fall- 
ing of the leaves, or in very susceptible varieties their almost com- 
plete destruction. The best varieties are but little affected by these 
diseases, but it is doubtful if any variety is completely immune. 

In general, cowpeas display a great range of susceptibility and 
resistance to the various diseases to which they are subject. Among 
the best varieties there is great or even complete resistance to all the 
more serious of these diseases, so that any serious loss from this source 
can probably be obviated by breeding. 

THE COWPEA FLOWER AND ITS POLLINATION. 

The flowers of all the cultivated vignas are practically identical. 
They are borne in pairs in a short spike at the end of a stout 
peduncle, the pairs alternately arranged. From 1 to 12 closely 

229 



26 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA. ETC. 



approximate pairs appear in each spike, but usually only one pai 
develops. By preventing the formation of pods each pair of flov^ 
may be forced to bloom successively. The pedicel of each fl 
is very short and bears three boat-shaped, acutish bracts which are 
early deciduous. The calyx in most varieties is conspicuously rougfcj 
ened by transverse ridges. The calyx lobes vary much in length 
and breadth in different varieties of each of the species. Between 
the flowers or buds of each pair is an oblong raised cushion having 
usually two to eight circular extra floral nectaries commonly ar 
ranged in a single row which exude a sweet liquid that becomes 
white when dry. An analysis of this substance by Dr. W. W 
Garner shows it to be principally glucose. A small amount of some 
acid, probably malic, is also present. This liquid attracts numerou.s 
insects, including ants, honeybees, and flies. Occasionally a very 
large cushion will have as many as 20 scattered nectaries. The 
structure of these nectaries is well shown in Plate IV. figure 1 
from a microscopical section prepared and photographed by Di 
Albert Mann. The secreting cells are elongated and club shaped. 

The flowers of the cowpea open early in the morning and nearh 
all are closed before noon. Later in the day but few open blossom 
can be found. Each flower opens but once, wilting and collapsing 
after blooming. The corollas vary in color from almost pure white 
to lilac purple. In purple flowers the color is deepest on the wings. 
' the keels being nearly white. In nearly white flowers the last trace 
of purple lingers on the upper edge of the wings. The back of the 
standard is paler and often yellow or yellowish green, which gives 
a greenish cast to the purple when viewed in front. On wilting, the 
standard falls into the same position it occupied in the bud. Such 
wilted flowers are nearly always yellow, which doubtless has given 
rise to the error repeated in botanical works that the flower- are 
" yellow " or " yellowish." In nearly all varieties a small, usually 
W-shaped. yellow eyespot appears at the base of the standard, to the 
base of which more or less conspicuous guide lines r extend. On 
each side of the eyespot is a sharp vertical ridge which apparently 
functions to raise the standard to a vertical position. 

At the base of the corolla are nectaries which secrete a small 
amount of honey. This honey can be reached only by long-tongued 
insects, such as bumblebees and butterflies. It would seem that a 
heavy-bodied insect, such as a large bumblebee, could certainly push 
down the keel enough to expose the stamens and stigma, though no 
instances are on record where such action has been observed. At 
Arlington Farm bumblebees have frequently been seen obtaining the 
nectar from the flowers, but in no case under observation was the 
stigma extruded as a result. Butterflies also can get the floral nectar 

229 



I ,1 

9 70 

Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. 




Pods of Two Varieties of Cowpeas Having Curved or Coiled Pods: Upper 
Figure, No. 21296A; Lower Figure, No. 29278. 

(Two-thirds natural size.) 



THE ORIGIN OF NEW VARIETIES. 



without bringing about the extrusion of the stamens and stigma. 
At Arlington Farm, during the season of 1909, a few of the flowers 
had their stamens and stigmas extruded. Whether such extrusion is 
due to insects or not remains to be determined. It has never been 
observed in the hundreds of plants grown in the Department green- 
houses. 

THE ORIGIN OF NEW VARIETIES. 

The fact of the existence of numerous varieties of cowpeas calk 
for some explanation of their origin. Mention has already been 
made (p. 15) of the fluctuations or fluctuating variations so marked 
in the cowpea. It is now the general belief that such variations 
are not hereditable in any plants, and if such is true this type of 
variation can have had no effect in producing the large number of 
varieties which exist. A second method by which new varieties 
arise is that commonly spoken of by gardeners as " sports," that is, 
the sudden origin of a form differing markedly from all others. 
There can be no question as to the occurrence of what are termed 
" bud sports " ; that is, where one branch of a plant bears flowers 
or leaves different from the other portion, which can be propagated 
and maintained by cuttings. As to the occurrence of true sports 
among seedlings, the evidence is not so absolute ; but it is the common 
belief that such seed sports do occur and that they usually breed true. 
A third method by which new varieties are believed to originate 
is that of gradual variation, which differs from sporting only in 
that the variations are slight, though they tend to continue in the 
direction started. The fourth method is that of hybridization. 
There is no question whatever that new varieties can be originated 
by the crossing of two old varieties, and a very large number of 
cultivated varieties not only of the cowpea but of other plants are 
known to have originated in this way. It is evident, however, that 
there can be no hybrids until at least two distinct varieties exist, and 
it is, therefore, absolutely necessary first to admit the origin of the 
primitive varieties either by sporting or by gradual variation. 

Thus far there is no satisfactory proof of the existence of either 
sports or of gradual variation in the cowpea. It is clear that such 
evidence can be obtained only by growing pure cultures of varieties 
under conditions where hybridization or accidental admixture of 
seeds is out of the question. 

Nevertheless, it seems reasonably certain that a considerable num- 
ber of the American varieties of cowpeas have originated in this 
country; at least, many of them have not been found in the very 
numerous importations made from abroad, though varieties closely 
similar in their seed characters have been obtained. As an example, 

229 



28 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

the Whippoorwill, which is the most important American variety, has 
never been obtained from a foreign source. The Whippoorwil mark- 
ing on foreign seeds occurs principally in Chinese varieties, though 
such colored seeds have also been obtained from South Africa and 
from India. The Chinese varieties resemble most closely the Ameri- 
can Whippoorwill, but none of them are identical with it. One of 
two explanations must, therefore, be true : Either (1) that the original 
source of the Whippoorwill variety has not been found, or (2) that 
it has originated in this country by hybridizing or otherwise. A simi- 
lar line of argument might be applied to other varieties. On the 
other hand, in the collections of seed from abroad varieties indis- 
tinguishable from some American varieties with black or black-eyed 
seeds have been obtained, and from places which in all probability 
had not obtained the seed previously from America. 

It is an interesting fact that most of the cowpeas imported from 
China, as well as many from India and from Africa, are very much 
subject to bean rust ( Uromyces phaseoli) . American varieties, on the 
other hand, are apparently wholly immune to this disease. Mr. W. A. 
Orton makes the interesting suggestion that this points to this fungus 
being an American native, and that by natural selection the American 
varieties may have become immune to this disease in the same way 
that the Iron cowpea has become immune to wilt and to root-knot. 

In regard to the seed colors of the numerous varieties of cowpeas, 
practically every color represented in American varieties of cowpeas 
has been obtained from abroad, so that so far as this point is con- 
cerned all of the American varieties may have been introductions 
from foreign countries; but plenty of evidence exists that many of 
the American varieties have originated by natural hybridizing in 
this country. Over the greater part of the region where the cowpea 
is grown, natural hybrids are of very infrequent occurrence. Never- 
theless, a new kind of seed as regards coloration would easily attract 
one's attention and there can be little doubt that many of the Ameri- 
can varieties have thus originated as chance hybrids. In at least 
two localities in the country, as hereafter explained, cowpea hybrids 
occur in great numbers, so that there is no difficulty in accounting for 
the numerous American varieties in this way alone, especially when 
we remember that several varieties were introduced as early as the 
beginning of the eighteenth century. 

SIMILARITY m HABIT OF VARIETIES FROM THE SAME SOURCE. 

One of the rather startling results of testing cowpeas derived from 
the same foreign source is that the varieties often turned out to be 
extremely similar in habit and appearance notwithstanding the fact 
that the seeds were very different. Thus in a series obtained from 

229 




Greenhouse-Grown Plant of Cream Cowpea No. 0632, Showing Cyathophylly 
and Other Abnormalities of Leaves. 



(About one-half natural size.) 



HABIT OF VARIETIES FROM THE SAME SOURCE. 29 

Celebes, No. 21813 had buff-eyed seeds; in 21814 they were marbled 
like Whippoorwill; in 21815, black-eyed; in 21816, buff; and in 21817, 
black. In all cases the plants proved to be perfectly prostrate with 
large, very pale leaves, and so late that they did not even bloom at 
Arlington ; indeed, the plants were indistinguishable from each other. 

In a similar series from Mount Selinda, Ehodesia, the seeds were 
as follows: No. 22929, buff; 22930, blue; 22931, speckled, resembling 
New Era; 22932, black; 22933, speckled, resembling Taylor. All 
these proved to be very procumbent, forming flat masses of herbage 
and being practically indistinguishable. 

Where several kinds of seeds are mixed together, the resultant 
plants are generally very similar. Thus in No. 11076, from Abyssinia, 
three kinds of seeds — marbled, speckled, and marbled and speckled — 
were mixed. These all bred true in the greenhouse. In the field the 
plants formed very viny procumbent masses that were indistinguish- 
able from each other, though quite different from other varieties. 

A number of similar instances can be cited, so that it would ap- 
pear to be generaly true that varieties from the same source are 
very similar in habit. A case of unusual interest is the cowpea that 
now occurs wild or half wild in southern Louisiana. In this variety 
the seeds are mostly buff, but mixed in are black, pink, maroon, and 
marbled. Five forms with different-colored seeds were selected out 
of Steckler's "Wild Louisiana " cowpea, and all bred true. They are 
all rather small seeded and of very similar habit, all so late that only 
a few pods mature at Arlington. Chinese varieties of cowpeas with 
few exceptions are very susceptible to rust. When coming from the 
same locality, the different-seeded varieties are often much alike. 

In seeking an explanation of this phenomenon, three hypotheses 
may be suggested: (1) That the varieties were originally different in 
habit as well as seeds but under the influence of environment have 
become alike; (2) that the different-colored seeds are mere color 
sports from one original variety — hence very similar in habit; (3) 
that more or less continuous crossing has resulted in a blending of 
habit characters to one type, the seed colors remaining in accordance 
with Mendelian principles. 

The strongest probability lies in the third hypothesis. Indeed, 
in the lot of seeds from South Africa occurred a good many seeds that 
looked as if they might be heterozygote, which proved to be the case 
in No. 22958. Heterozygote seeds are frequent also in cowpeas from 
China. 

Again, in the Abyssinian variety, No. 11076, the marbled and 
speckled form, 11076B, is undoubtedly a hybrid between 11076 and 
11076 A, just as Groit is a cross of New Era and Whippoorwill, the 
type of coloration being the same in both hybrids. 

229 



30 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



It may be that we have here a partial explanation at least of the 
general worthlessness of Old World, especially of Asiatic and Afri- 
can, varieties of cowpeas as compared with the American. There the 
average quality of the varieties is kept to a mediocre standard by 
quite general cross-pollinating and the lack of any continued selec- 
tion ; while in the United States cross-pollination is quite unusual, so 
that varieties once selected remain fairly true. 

NATURAL CROSSES. 

Natural crosses of the cowpea occur but rarely in the field in most 
localities. At Arlington Farm from 30 to 100 varieties have been 
grown in rows side by side during the past five years and yet no 
noticeable contamination of the varieties has occurred. Of the 
crosses that occur naturally, perhaps the commonest are the varieties 
known as Watson's Hybrid and Holstein, both of which arise from 
crosses between Black and Blackeye. It is also not uncommon to find 
crosses between Black and Clay indicated by the seeds being more or 
less flecked with these two colors. 

Under certain conditions crosses between varieties of cowpeas do 
occur freely. Two notable instances of this sort have come to our 
attention. The first was on the farm of Mr. J. W. Trinkle, near 
Madison, Ind. Mr. Trinkle has been growing cowpeas since about 
1895. His original stock of seed consisted of Black, Whippoorwill, 
Blackeye, Lady, Cream, Warren's Extra Early, Clay from Mis- 
sissippi, and a Crowder, perhaps Michigan Favorite, the last three 
being lost or discarded later. 

In the year 1904 Mr. Trinkle says his collection contained 40 or 50 
varieties, all having appeared in the few years preceding. He thinks 
no new varieties appeared in his plats during the first five years. In 
the spring of 1907, Mr. Trinkle sent the Department of Agriculture 
five varieties; namely, Black, Brown Coffee, and three black-and- 
white blotched varieties resembling Holstein. The Brown Coffee he 
supposed to be a hybrid between Black and Clay, but as this same 
variety is known elsewhere it was probably due to an admixture in 
his orginal seed. In January, 1908, Mr. Trinkle sent to the Depart- 
ment samples of all of his original varieties and 17 which he re- 
garded as probably hybrids. Among these were Brown Coffee, 
Clay, and Taylor, well-known varieties that most probably came 
from admixtures in the original seed. All or most of the others 
seemed to be hybrids, a number of them with seeds very different 
from any previously obtained. In these hybrids five varieties, as the 
sequel proved, had been concerned, namely, Black, Blackeye, Taylor, 
Cream, and Lady, which had crossed in almost every possible way. 
Among them were seeds similar to Watson and Holstein known to 

229 



NATURAL CROSSES. 



31 



result from crossing Black on Blackeye; large and small black 
Crowders; large and small purple Crowders with Taylor markings; 
a Taylor Crowder; large and small black Crowders with buff spots 
having the Taylor speckling; white with the eye colored like Taylor. 
The TThippoorwill and the Clay varieties apparently did not enter 
into any of the hybrids, but in another lot of seeds sent by Mr. 
Trinkle in February, 1909, is a Whippoorwill Crowder. 

These seeds of the 1907 crops were picked from others after 
thrashing, so that each lot as finally separated may have been the 
product of more than one individual plant. These seeds were 
planted in 1908 in 1-rod rows and most of these rows produced seed 
like that sown. In a number of cases, hoAvever, the resultant progeny 
was diverse and indicated pretty clearly the parentage of the crosses. 
Following is a specific account of the results observed : 

0423. Seeds colored like Watson. In 1908 this cross broke up into Watson 
and Blackeye. The Blackeye bred true in 1909, while the Watson-colored seed, 
mass selection, again broke up into Watson and Blackeye. 

0546. A half Crowder, purplish seed with Taylor markings. In 1908 this 
cross produced plants with seeds like the parent, and others having nearly black 
seeds with a few spots colored like Taylor. In 1909 the Taylor half Crowder 
bred true, while the Black with the Taylor spots produced the following 
progeny : Four plants like the parent ; two plants with brownish seeds having 
very faint Taylor specks; one plant with both kinds of these seeds within the 
same pod. 

0550. Small purple Crowder seeds with Taylor markings. In 1908 this cross 
produced plants with seeds like the parent and other plants that were typical 
Lady. The Lady seeds bred true, while the purple Crowder seeds in 1909 pro- 
duced four plants like the parent and two of Lady. 

0551. A medium-sized purplish-black Crowder. This cross in 1908 produced 
Cream, as well as plants having seed like the parent. The 1908 purple-black 
Crowders yielded in 1909 two plants with black Crowder seeds having buff 
specks, and two plants like the parent. 

0552. Seeds purplish-black Crowder with buff spots having Taylor specklings. 
In 1908 this cross produced plants with seed like the parent, and others having 
Crowder seeds with the Taylor markings. These were both planted in 1909, 
the former yielding five plants with black Crowder seeds, three plants with 
black Crowder seeds having buff spots, one Lady, and one small Crowder with 
the seeds colored like Taylor. The other produced six plants with seeds like 
itself, one Cream, and one black Crowder. 

0554. Oblong purplish-black seeds with buff spots having Taylor markings. 
Among the progeny of this number for the two years are the following : Black, 
brown, brown with buff specks, buff with brown Taylor specklings, brownish 
Crowder with very faint Taylor speckling, a small purple Crowder with Taylor 
specklings, and a small purple Taylor Crowder with Taylor specklings. 

0563. A small purplish Crowder with Taylor specklings. Both in 1908 and 
in 1909. this cross produced Lady besides plants like the parent. The Lady 
bred true. 

0615. Seeds white with a black saddle. This cross produced both in 1908 and 
1909 Blackeyed Lady with small subglobose seeds, besides the parent form. 
229 



32 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



0618. Seeds colored like Watson. This cross produced in 1908 Blackeye and 
Watson. The Blackeye bred true in 1909, while the Watson produced Black as 
well as Watson. 

0625. A small black Crowder with buff spots bavin? Taylor specks. After 
growing two seasons, the progeny of this contains Lady. Blackeyed Lady. Black, 
purple black, medium-sized purple Crowder with Taylor markings, Taylor-eyed 
Lady, that is, like Blackeyed Lady with the Taylor color about the eye and 
seeds like the parent form. 

0626. A small black Crowder. Has yielded for two years a black Crowder, 
Lady, and Blackeyed Lady. 

The above examples show beyond doubt the fact that these peculiar 
seeds were really mixed breeds containing the blood of two or more 
varieties. That they originated spontaneously as stated by Mr. 
Trinkle is scarcely to be questioned. 

An interesting problem is presented in determining why cowpeas 
cross so freely at Madison. Ind., while apparently never or at least 
very rarely interbreeding at Arlington Farm and elsewhere. There 
is nothing in the structure of the cowpea flower to prevent natural 
crossing by large insects such as bumblebees. While most insects are 
attracted to cowpeas to obtain honey from the extra-floral nectaries 
outside the base of the flowers, nevertheless there is also a small 
quantity of honey at the base of the flower inside, which can be 
reached by butterflies and long-tongued bees. At Arlington Farm 
butterflies obtain the honey without extruding the stigmas. But 
few bumblebees were observed on the flowers at Arlington during 
1909, though a number of flowers were found from which the column 
protruded. Very slight pressure, about equal to that exerted by a 
large bumblebee in obtaining the nectar, will cause the column to 
protrude and frequently remain protruding. In such case the stigma 
and hairy part of the style would rub against the underside of the 
insect, and if the insect had previously visited other cowpea flowers, 
it seems exceedingly probable that a natural cross would be brought 
about in this way. 

This was also Mr. Trinkle's opinion, as he writes under date of 
April 1; 1907: 

I believe the bumblebee is responsible for the crossing, as I have noticed that 
it is strong enough and does sometimes opeu the corolla to get at the nectar, and 
this exposes the pistil. 

Again he writes under date of August 7, 1909 : 

I notice a great number of bumblebees in my field working over the cowpea 
blooms and that occasionally a flower may be seen with its reproductive or- 
gans exposed, so that the bees come in contact with them. I have not noticed 
any other insects on the blossoms. 

The only other place that has come to our attention where such in- 
discriminate crossing takes place is at the Michigan Agricultural 
College, where the crossing of the cowpeas has been under observa- 

229 



ARTIFICIAL HYBRID COWPEAS OF KNOWN ORIGIN. 33 

tion for several years past by Mr. F. A. Spragg. A single instance 
of the record is here given. Uniform black seed from a single plant 
grown in 1906, sown in 1907, contained in its progeny the following 
colors of seeds: Black, brownish, purple black, blackeye, black and 
white, like Holstein, and buff. A mass selection was made of these 
different-colored seeds, but all plants which contained two or more 
kinds of seeds were discarded. Out of these colors Black and Black- 
eye were selected, care being taken to discard any plants in which 
the seed was not uniform. The Black in 1908 produced Black, Hol- 
stein with large seeds and with small seeds, Watson, Black with the 
chalazal end white, black-and-buff marbled, and both large and small 
forms having white seeds with a large black saddle. In the progeny 
of the Blackeye were the following colors of seeds besides blackeye, 
namely, brownish, buff, Watson, browneye, blotched brown and 
white, and purplish black, some of the last and of the brownish hav- 
ing the chalazal end white. In 1909 Black selected from Black 
produced brown with a black eye, as well as black Watson which 
bred true. Buff produced the following colors of seed : Buff, brown- 
ish, and browneye. in the last the eye often extending over the 
micropylar end. Blackeye selected from Blackeye planted in 1909 
produced the following colors of seeds: Blackeye, blackeye with 
several to many small spots on the back, black with the back or only 
the chalazal end white. The Browneye with the eye extending over 
the micropylar end produced plants with true Browneye seeds as well 
as others with seeds like the parent. 

These Michigan hybrids are evidently even more complex than 
those produced at Madison, Ind. They give rise to numerous sug- 
gestions regarding the origin of certain colors which appear in cow- 
pea seeds which only careful experiments with reference to their 
Mendelian behavior will make entirely clear. Extensive investiga- 
tions of this nature are being carried out by Prof. W. J. Spiliman. 

ARTIFICIAL HYBRID COWPEAS OF KNOWN ORIGIN. 

Perhaps the first artificial hybrids of cowpeas, at least in this 
country, were those made by Prof. C. L. Xewman at the Arkansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station in 1893. These hybrids, samples 
of all of which were presented by the originator to the United States 
Department of Agriculture, are especially interesting on account of 
the light thrown on the distribution of color in the seed coats. They 
show clearly that separate factors in cowpeas bring about distribution 
of colors and dilution of colors. In most of the Newman hybrids one 
parent was either a black-eyed or a white pea. Where one parent 
had black seeds and the other black-eyed seeds, among the hybrids 
were found Watson's Hybrid (Nos. 17417, 17424, 22716, 22718, 22719, 
22721) and Holstein (Nos. 17410 and 22720). In the former the 
2968°— Bui. 229—12 3 



34 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA. ETC. 



black is diluted and diffused through the testa, excepting about the 
eye, which remains black. In the Holstein the black and white are 
irregularly blotched. Where one parent was Taylor and the other 
a black-eyed pea. the hybrids included peas with the Taylor mark- 
ings — fine specklings of blue on buff, wholly about the eye (No. 
22727) — and others where the Taylor coloring is blotched in irregular 
spots and masses (Xos. 17409, 22715, and 22717). From the crosses 
of TThippoorwill on Lady (a pure whitish pea) the progeny had the 
Whippoorwill colors distributed after the manner of Holstein (Nos. 
17408 and 22730). Another cross is between Warren's Extra Early 
(a buff kidney pea) and Sugar Crowder (a yellowish globose pea). 
The hybrid sent to the Department (Nos. 17422 and 22729) is a yel- 
lowish kidney pea colored very much like the Sugar Crowder. 
Prof. Newman describes his method of cross-pollinating as folio v.- - : 

In 1898 single-plant selections were made from one of the Black varieties 
and from the Extra Early Blackeve, then growing on the Arkansas Experiment 
Station grounds. These varieties are of quite a different type and several 
crosses and reciprocal crosses were made. Enough of the corolla was torn 
from the female parent blossoms to permit the removal of the stamens (with 
curved forceps) and the emasculated blossoms inclosed in paper bags. This 
was done in the afternoon. On the following morning between 9 and 12 o'clock 
blossoms for the male parent were removed, the corolla torn away, and the 
pollen applied to the stigma of the blossoms prepared the previous day. The 
blossoms furnishing the pollen were sometimes protected by paper bags, but 
more frequently were not. The bags were usually removed in less than 24 
hours after the transference of the pollen and a record label attached. A large 
proportion of the blossoms treated failed to " set " and many that matured 
pods developed but few peas and these were often irregular in shape. The 
peas secured from these crosses were planted the following spring 1 foot apart 
in rows 31 feet wide. From this first crop single-plant selections were made. 
In some cases all the hybrid peas germinated and grew, in others none grew, 
and in many cases a part only germinated. 

The following year some of the varieties grown for crossing were planted 
alternatively in the same rows, two blossoms (one emasculated) brought 
together, tied, and inclosed in a paper sack. This method was more tedious 
than the first and was successful to about an equal degree. 

Since 1904 Mr. W. A. Orton. of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has 
been engaged in breeding cowpeas better resistant to wilt and root- 
knot, using the well-known resistance of the Iron variety as the basis. 

During the last three years Mr. G. W. Oliver, of the Bureau of 
Plant Industry, has made a very large number of hybrids with the 
general end in view of originating better varieties. 

AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF THE COWPEA AND ITS VARIETIES 

IN AMERICA. 

The cowpea is known in the earlier American literature under 
the names of Indian pea. Southern pea. Southern Field pea. and 
Cornfield pea. It has also been called Chinese or China bean, and in 

229 



HSTOEY OF THE COWPEAS AND ITS VARIETIES. 



35 



South Africa its common appellation is Kafir bean. The early 
history of the cowpea has been fully discussed by Wight. 1 Early 
in the nineteenth century it became of considerable agricultural im- 
portance throughout the Southern States, an importance which has 
grown greater in recent years. 

During the nineteenth century a number of articles on the cowpea 
were written for agricultural journals and have been preserved. As 
early as 1822 Mr. John MacLeod, of Johnston, N. C., wrote in the 
American Farmer as follows: 

I have myself been in the habit of planting as many as five different kinds 
of peas for the last seven or eight years, and am acquainted with nearly as many 
more. Of these there are three that possess superior advantages as stock crops ; 
others are esteemed more delicate for the table, and are consequently more 
commonly grown for market. The former are what we here call the Cow pea, 
the Tory, and the Black pea. The comparative values of the three kinds 
according to my experience are that the Cow pea, of a light-gray color, is 
rather the most prolific, the pods being much the largest, though not quite 
so thick set on the vine ; they are also, I think, more inclined to vine horizon- 
tally, not attaching themselves so much to the corn as the others, consequently 
doing it less injury ; and they are a little preferred by laborers as a diet, 
who give either kind a preference to any other vegetable production accom- 
panying their meat. But they lack the durability of the other two kinds 
and will never remain in the field without rotting, as the others will, until late in 
the winter. 

This is the first published record we have found of the name 
"cowpea," which, as used by MacLeod and by later writers, was 
applied to a particular variety, apparently one of the varieties 
now known as Clay. 

In an article on the Indian pea in the Farmers' Eegister for 1835 
(vol. 2, p. 752), "J. M. G." gives considerable information regard- 
ing the varieties of the cowpea grown at that date. Among the sorts 
mentioned by the writer are six Crowder varieties: Jet Black, 
White with a black eye, Gray, Straw-Colored or Sugar pea, Claret- 
Colored, and Yellowish Brown. Of other varieties, not Crowders, 
the following are mentioned: (1) The Xorth Carolina pea, having 
white seeds with a pale-greenish eye; (2) the common black-eyed 
pea, of which there are two varieties, one with large seeds and one 
with small; (3) the Ladies pea or Gentleman pea; (4) a white pea 
with a brown eye, also called the Yohorn (a name which this author 
states is sometimes applied to two other very different varieties) ; 
(5) a red-and-white pea; (6) the Cow pea, also called the Yeatman 
pea, with yellowish-colored seeds; (7) the Tory pea, with jet black 
seeds. Most of these varieties are described in considerable detail. 

The next writer found mentioning varieties of cowpea s is Mr. 
P. M. Edmonston, in his " Essay on the Properties and Yalue of the 



1 Bulletin 102, pt. 6, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1907. 
229 



36 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Southern Pea, or 4 Cornfield Pea * * ? (Transactions of the Virginia 
State Agricultural Society. 1853. vol. 1. p. 172). This writer says 
the varieties of Cornfield pea are very numerous, and if all the 
names which could be collected in the country were written their 
number would fill several pa-ges, because the same pea in different 
sections goes by different names. Edmonston gives brief agricultural 
descriptions of seven varieties, as follows: The Shinney pea: the 
Clay or Gray pea : the Red, Tory, or Bass pea : the Blackeye pea : the 
Calivant : the Three Crop pea or Tribus pea : and the Black pea. 

Edmund Ruffin, in 1855, published a most excellent account of the 
cowpea (Essays and Xotes on Agriculture. ** The Southern Pea." pp. 
344-407). He gives good descriptions of eight varieties of cowpeas. 
as follows: (1) The buff-colored pea, usually called either the " cow " 
or "clay" pea; (2) the Bass (red) pea; (3) the blackeye pea; (4) 
the early black pea: (5) the mottled or Shinney pea; (G) large 
black or Tory (late) pea; (7) small black, late pea; (8) green- 
e}'e white pea. Ruffin was evidently acquainted with other varieties, 
as in another place he speaks of " sundry other white peas." He also 
mentions crowder peas, describing clearly the differences between 
the crowder form of seed and the kidney form of seed. He also says : 

Again, the same variety is known by several different names in different 
localities. Thus, of the names " cow-pea " and " tory-pea " each has been used 
for varieties of red, black, and buff color, and for several varieties of both 
red and black peas. 

A writer in the American Agriculturist (1876, vol. 35, p. 139) 
states that he grew and distinguished 20 varieties. He writes as 
follows : 

We have classified our 20 varieties according to their color and markings 
and make the following groups in each, naming the largest variety first. (1) 
Seeds cream color, with a minute olive-green line at the eye: White Table 
(also Mush and Dennis's Field), Lady. Six-Oaks Field. (2) Cream colored 
with a brownish stain at the eye: Red-Hulled White. Sugar Crowder. White 
Crowder (both nearly globular), Browneye. White Field. (3) The same, but 
with a distinct black eye: White Crowder (different from the one above named), 
Blackeyed White. (4) Drab, usually darker at the eye: Claybank. Joiner's 
Long-Pod. (5) Yellowish brown, with a minute dark line at the eye: Yellow 
Crowder, Yellow Cow. (6) Purplish-brown, or reddish-chocolate color, with 
dark line at the eye: Red Ripper (also Tory). Breack. Red Cow. (7), Yellowish 
or purplish brown, mottled with very dark brown or black, especially toward 
the eye: Speckled Java (also Early Bush). Whippoorwill (also Speckled ditto, 
and Shinney). (8) Jet black, with small white scar: Black Field. 

Since the establishment of the agricultural experiment stations in 
1835 many of them have made collections of cowpea varieties and 
issued publications concerning them. 

From the above it is evident that even as early as the middle of 
the nineteenth century numerous varieties of cowpeas were known 

229 



METHODS OF TESTING DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 



37 



in the United States and that already considerable confusion in re- 
gard to the names of the varieties had arisen. With the increase in 
the number of varieties grown the confusion has become much 
greater as there are now several or many varieties for every seed 
color. Some endeavor has been made to ascertain the actual identity 
of varieties which have been described or mentioned in publications, 
but in many cases it is no longer possible to do this, and in other 
cases the identification can be only approximate. 

METHODS OF TESTING DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 

The comparative data concerning the numerous varieties here 
given are based largely on the testing conducted at Arlington Farm 
since 1903. During the first two years the work was conducted by 
Mr. C. R. Ball; during 1905 to 1910, inclusive, by the writer, with 
the assistance of Mr. H. T. Nielsen, in 1905 to 1908, and pf Mr. W. J. 
Morse in 1909 and 1910. Most of the testing has been in cultivated 
rows 3 feet apart (except in 1909 and 1910 when they were 3 J 
feet) , the rows being usually 8 rods long, but in many cases shorter 
owing to the small supply of seed. As new varieties have been in- 
troduced each year the period of testing varies from eight years 
down to one }^ear. In many cases the variety did not mature seed 
at Arlington, but of most of these enough seed was grown in the 
greenhouse to plant a second year. The collection of 1909 was 
almost complete, and except where otherwise indicated the compara- 
tive descriptions are based mainly on the behavior during that sea- 
son, which was an exceptionally dry one, so that the plants were 
rather smaller than usual. The characteristics of the varieties dur- 
ing the different seasons held remarkably true, so that many of their 
distinctive peculiarities of habit could easily be recognized. The 
principal obscuring fluctuation due to better soil or more favorable 
season was the tendency of the upright-growing varieties to lodge. 
Apparently, there are no phenomena exhibited in cowpeas that 
could be called new-place effects unless changes in seed color (as 
exemplified under No. 16167) are such, which is at least doubtful. In 
all cases where such seed color forms or varieties were selected out 
they bred true. No cases of natural hybridization in cowpeas have 
been observed at Arlington, notwithstanding the fact that numerous 
varieties have been grown in close, proximity for several years. In a 
few cases where diversity occurred from the same lot of seed it 
seems clearly explainable by previous hybridization. 

While this method of testing does not give comparable yields, it 
does furnish an excellent method for comparing the varieties as to 
habit, disease resistance, vigor, fruitfulness, life period, etc, and it 
is believed that the conclusions reached as to the most desirable 

229 



38 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



varieties are as accurate as could be determined by any other feasible 
method. 

A large proportion of the varieties can at once be eliminated 'on 
account of poor habit, extreme lateness, or susceptibility to disease. 
In such varieties the yield signifies but little. Of the really desir- 
able varieties the yield of hay or of seed or of both, considered with 
reference to habit and ease of harvesting, is, of course, determinative. 
Many of the more desirable varieties have thus been tested at Arling- 
ton Farm and at Chillicothe, Tex. Various experiment stations have 
conducted similar work. Further comparative plat trials of the six 
or eight .most desirable varieties need to be conducted, however, as 
there is still considerable difference in opinion as well as divergence 
in results regarding the relative values of the best varieties. Such 
plat trials should be separate both for hay yield and for seed yield, 
and ease or cost of harvesting should be given due consideration. 

THE BEST VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 

After five years of extensive testing of cowpea varieties at Arling- 
ton Farm, and to a less extent at Chillicothe, Tex., Monetta, S. C, 
and Biloxi, Miss., the conclusion reached is that, everything con- 
sidered, the most valuable American varieties of cowpeas from a 
forage standpoint are Whippoorwill, Iron, and New Era, and their 
hybrids, Brabham and Groit. Important, but of distinctly secondary 
value, are such varieties as Unknown, Clay, Red Ripper, Black, and 
a considerable number of others not grown extensively. Among the 
little known varieties that are deserving of most careful testing are 
Peerless, Red Yellowhull, and Red Whippoorwill. In regard to 
table varieties, no opinion is vouchsafed. The general prejudice for 
such purpose is in favor of white-seeded or nearly white-seeded 
varieties. 

In order to ascertain the opinion of the various experiment-station 
agronomists, based upon their experimental work and their knowledge 
of their respective States, a letter was addressed to each, asking the 
following questions : " What five varieties of cowpeas do you regard 
as the best for your State ? " and " What five varieties of cowpeas are 
most commonly grown by the farmers of your State ? " The answers, 
briefly digested, are as follows: 

For Virginia, Mr. T. B. Hutcheson thinks the most commonly 
grown varieties are Blackeye, Whippoorwill, New Era, Black, and 
Clay. The Blackeye grown as a table pea has perhaps the greatest 
acreage. The best varieties he thinks are Whippoorwill, Iron, New 
Era, Black, Unknown, and Clay. For the same State, Commissioner 
G. W. Koiner would place the list of the five leading varieties as 
follows: Blackeye, Whippoorwill, New Era, Unknown, and Clay. 

229 



THE BEST VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



39 



For North Carolina, Prof. B. W. Kilgore regards the five best 
varieties to be New Era, Iron, Red Ripper, Whippoorwill, and Clay ; 
and the varieties most generally grown to be Whippoorwill, Taylor, 
Black, Clay, New Era, Red Ripper, Unknown, Iron, and Large 
Blackeye. 

For Tennessee, Prof. C. A. Mooers regards both as the best and 
most extensively grown the following: Whippoorwill, Clay, Black, 
and New Era ; the Red Ripper is grown to a slight extent. 

For South Carolina, Prof. J. N. Harper considers the best varieties 
to be Iron, Unknown, Red Ripper, New Era, Clay, Whippoorwill, 
Red Crowder, and Extra Early Blackeye. From all the information 
at hand, the varieties most commonly grown are placed in the follow- 
ing order: Unknown, New Era, Clay, Whippoorwill, Iron, Red 
Ripper, Red Crowder, and Extra Early Blackeye. For the same 
State, Prof. C. L. Newman considers the best varieties to be Whip- 
poorwill, Clay, Black, New Era, and Unknown; though in several 
localities the Southdown, or Calico, rivals the Whippoorwill in value. 
In the order of their acreage, he places them as follows : Clay, Whip- 
poorwill, Unknown, New Era, and Black. 

For the State of Georgia, Director M. V. Calvin selects the follow- 
ing as the best varieties : Calico, Clay, Unknown, Red Crowder, Red 
Ripper, and Whippoorwill. 

For Florida, Prof. J. M. Scott states : " The varieties most com- 
monly grown in the State are Whippoorwill, Clay, New Era, and 
several Crowder varieties, such as Sugar Crowder and Speckled 
Crowder." 

For Alabama, Prof. J. F. Duggar, basing his opinion on extensive 
experimenting, would select as the five best varieties the Iron, Whip- 
poorwill, Unknown, New Era, and Brownej^e Crowder, the latter 
especially as a table pea. From the information at hand, Prof. 
Duggar thinks that Whippoorwill is most commonly grown, with 
Unknown second. 

For the State of Mississippi, Prof.- S. M. Tracy thinks the most 
valuable are the following : Whippoorwill, Clay, Unknown, New Era, 
and Blackeye (the last for table use). Probably greater areas 
of Whippoorwill and Clay are grown than of all of the others 
combined. 

For the States of Alabama and Mississippi combined, Mr. M. A. 
Crosby, who has traveled extensively in these States, thinks that fully 
90 per cent of the cowpeas grown are Whippoorwill or Whippoorwill 
mixed, but Iron and New Era are both growing in popularity. 

229 



40 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



For Louisiana. Prof. W. R. Dodson states that Clay and Whippoor- 
will are grown almost to the exclusion of other varieties, though 
Unknown is grown to a considerable extent. In the northern part of 
the State, Lady and Large Blackeye are grown extensively for table 
peas. The New Era variety is increasing in popularity. He regards 
the Coffee and Calico varieties as excellent : likewise the Conch, which 
is comparatively unknown in the State. 

For the State of Texas. Mr. A. B. Conner regards the best varieties, 
at least for northern Texas, to be Brabham. New Era. Iron. YThip- 
poorwill. and Clay. The Whippoorwill is more largely grown than 
any other variety, followed by the Blackeye and a crowder. which is 
probably Michigan Favorite. The Clay and Iron varieties are grown 
to a slight extent. 

Mr. B. Youngblood. who is intimately acquainted with Texas agri- 
culture, thinks that 90 per cent of all the cowpeas grown in that State 
are Whippoorwill Among others grown are Clay (especially for 
hay). Unknown. Black (on bottom lands), and various white-seeded 
varieties for table use. 

For the State of Arkansas, Prof. C. L. Newman selects as the best 
varieties : Whippoorwill, Warren's Extra Early. New Era. Black, and 
Clay. In some sections the Southdown and Calico rival the Whip- 
poorwill. In the northwestern part of the State. Warren's Hybrid 
gave maximum yields of seed. The varieties most commonly grown 
in Arkansas are Whippoorwill, Clay, and Black. 

Mr. A. D. McNair writes that, for Arkansas — 

Whippoorwill is by all means the most popular variety, and I presume there 
are 10 times as many bushels of that variety sold as all others put together : 
Clay is second in importance. Other varieties grown are the Black, the Un- 
known, and the Blackeye, the latter for table purposes. A few farmers grow 
New Era, Gray Goose, and Black Crowder. 

For the State of Oklahoma. Mr. W. L. Burlison. writes: 

So far the Whippoorwill has no peer in this State. The New Era, California 
Blackeye. Clay, and Iron are four of the varieties which are most promising out 
of the long list which has been grown here for three years. The Whippoorwill 
is the leading one in this State : California Blackeye may be considered a close 
second. 

For the State of Kansas. Prof. A. M. Ten Eyck writes that he 
would recommend in the order named : New Era. 1 Gray Goose. "Whip- 
poorwill, Blackeye. and Warren's New Hybrid. For the northern 
half of the State. Groit is easily first. For the southeastern and 
south-central parts of the State the Wliippoorwill may be preferred 
for forage, but no variety exceeds the Groit for seed production. The 
varieties most extensively grown in the State are Xew Era and Whip- 

1 The New Era grown at the Kansas experiment station for the past several years proves 
to be Groit. 
229 



THE BEST VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



41 



poorwill. Other varieties are planted, such as Clay, Iron, Blackeye. 
Crowder, and Unknown, but none of these produce seed well in 
Kansas. 

For Missouri, Prof. A. E. Grantham writes that Whippoorwill 
is most generally used, followed by Clay, New Era, and Black. The 
New Era is increasing in popularity, especially to sow after wheat, 
but he thinks that Groit is superior to New "Era, and perhaps the 
best of all varieties with which he is familiar under Missouri con- 
ditions. 

For the State of Illinois, Mr. O. D. Center writes : 

The varieties that are most commonly grown and give the best satisfaction 
in the southern section of the State, in the order of their importance, are 
Whippoorwill and New Era. 1 For the central part of the State the varieties 
in the order of their importance are Michigan Favorite, Blackeye, New Era, 
Black, and Whippoorwill. For the northern part of the State only Michigan 
Favorite and Blackeye are of any value. 

For the State of Kentucky, Prof. H. Garman says : 

The Whippoorwill has been longest and most generally sown, although it is not 
as highly valued as the New Era. We think very favorably of the Iron and 
the Taylor. 

For Indiana, Prof. A. T. Wiancko would place the varieties for 
forage production in the order of their merit as follows : Iron, Clay, 
Red Ripper, New Era, and Michigan Favorite. For grain pro- 
duction, in like order, he names Early Blackeye, Whippoorwill, 
New Era, Michigan Favorite, and Warren's. Whippoorwill, Early 
Blackeye, and New Era are most commonly grown, while Michigan 
Favorite and Warren's in northern Indiana and Iron, Clay, and 
Red Ripper in southern Indiana are more or less used. 

For Maryland, Mr. Nickolas Schmitz says the varieties most com- 
monly grown are Whippoorwill, New Era, Black, and Unknown. In 
the order of their value he regards the following as best for eastern 
and southern Maryland: Whippoorwill, New Era, Groit, Brabham, 
and Unknown. The last named he regards as the best for planting 
in corn for ensilage. For northern and western Maryland he 
would put them as follows: New Era, Groit, Whippoorwill, and 
Unknown. Only the New Era and Groit can be depended on for 
seed production. 

For Delaware, Prof. A. E. Grantham thinks Whippoorwill, New 
Era, and Blackeye are most commonly grown. He considers the 
best varieties to be Whippoorwill, Groit, and possibly Clay. 

The foregoing data are summarized in Table I. 



iMost of the so-called New Era grown in southern Illinois is Groit. — C. V. P. 
229 



42 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

Table I. — Summary of reports upon cowpeas, hp States. 
Best Vakieties, in Order of Merit. 



State and authority. 



Alabama; Duggar.. 
Arkansas; Newman. 



Delaware; Grantham. 
Georgia; Calvin 



Indiana; Wiancko: 
For grain 



For hay . 



Kansas; Ten Eyck. 



Kentucky; Garman 

Maryland; Schmitz: 

Eastern and southern.. 

Northern and western. 

Mississippi; Tracy 

North Carolina; Kilgore. . . 
Oklahoma; Burlison 



South Carolina: 

Harper 

Newman 

Tennessee; Mooers. 



Texas; Conner 

Virginia; Hutcheson. 



Iron 

Whippoorwill 



do. 

Calico. 



Early Black- 
eye. 
Iron 



Groit. 



New Era. 



Whippoorwill 

New Era 

Whippoorwill 

New Era 

Whippoorwill 



Iron 

Whippoorwill 



Brabham 

Whippoorwill 



Whippoorwill 

Warren's Ex- 
tra Earlv. 

Groit 

Clay 



Whippoorwill 
Clay 



Taylor. 



Whippoorwil 



New Era. 

Groit 

Clay 

Iron 

New Era. 



Unknown. 

Clay 

do 



New Era. 
Iron 



Unknown. 
New Era. . 



New Era. 
Black.... 



Clay 

Unknown. 



New Era 

Red Ripper. 

Whippoorwi 

Iron 



Groit 

Whippoorwill 

Unknown 

Red Ripper. . 
California 
Blackeye. 

Red Ripper. . 

Black 

....do 



Iron 

New Era. 



Red Crowder. 



Michigan 

Favorite. 
New Era 



Blackeye. 
Taylor... 



Brabham. 

Unknown | 

New Era 

Whippoorwill 
Clay 



New Era. 
....do.... 
....do.... 



Whippoorwill 
Black 



Varieties Most Cultivated, in* Order of Acreage Grown. 



Alabama; Duggar 

Arkansas: 

McNair 

Newman 

Delaware; Grantham. 

Florida; Scott 

Illinois; Center: 

Central 



Northern 

Southern 

Indiana; Wiancko. 



Kansas; Ten Eyck 

Louisiana; Dodson 

Maryland; Schmitz 

Mississippi and Alabama; 
Crosby. 

Mississippi; Tracy 

Missouri; Grantham 

North Carolina; Kilgore 

Oklahoma; Burlison 



South Carolina: 

Harper 

Newman 

Tennessee; Mooers. 

Texas: 

Conner 



Youngblood . 
Virginia: 

Hutcheson . . 
Koiner 



Whippoorwill Unknown. 



Michigan 
Favorite. 

....do 

Whippoorwill 
....do 



New Era 

W hippoorwill 

....do 

....do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Unknown 

Clay 

Whippoorwill 



.do. 
.do. 



Blackeye. 
....do... 



Clay 

....do.... 
New Era.. 
Clay 

Blackeye.. 



....do 

New Era 

Early Black 

eye. 
Whippoorwill 

Clay 

New Era.. 
Iron 



Clay. 



.do. 



Taylor 

Cal i f o r n i ; 
Blackeye. 



New Era 

Whippoorwill 
Clay 



Blackeye. 
Clay 



Whippoorwill 
....do 



Black.... 

do... 

Blackeye. 
New Era. 

....do... 



New Era. 



LTnknown . 

Black 

New Era.. 



New Era. 
Black.... 



Clay 

Unknown. 
Black 



Michigan 

Favorite. 
Unknown 



New Era. 
....do... 



Unknown... 



Black. 



Lady 

Unknown 



Black. 
Clay.. 



Whippoorwill 

New Era 

....do 



Clay.. 
Black. 



....do 

Unknown.... 



Blackeye. 



Whippoor- 
will. 



Blackeye. 



New Era. 



Iron. 
Black. 



Iron. 



229 



COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF COWPEAS, 



43 



COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 

In order to ascertain the status of the commercial sale of cowpea 
seed, a letter was addressed in 1910 to a number of the principal seeds- 
men handling cowpea seed, asking them to send a list of varieties in 
the order of the demand for them. The results are as follows : 

The Griffith & Turner Co., of Baltimore, Md., write that they 
handle cowpeas in about the following order as to quantity: Black, 
Whippoorwill, New Era, Wonderful, mixed. 

J. Bolgiano & Son, of Baltimore, Md., write : 

We usually sell from two to three times as rnany of mixed peas as we do of 
the separate varieties. Next in popularity to the mixed is New Era; third, 
Black. Other varieties, such as Clay, Wonderful, Red Ripper, and Gray 
Crowder, are little called for. 

T. W. Wood & Sons, of Richmond, Va., give the relative commercial 
importance of the varieties as follows : Whippoorwill, Black, and New 
Era. Other varieties class about as follows : Blackeye for table pur- 
poses, Clay, Unknown, Iron, Red Ripper, and Taylor or Gray Goose. 

Wood, Stubbs & Co., of Louisville, Ky., state that their demand is 
in the following sequence : Whippoorwill, Black, New Era, Clay, and 
Gray Goose. They sell very few of any of these with the exception 
of Whippoorwill and Black. 

The Plant Seed Co., of St. Louis, Mo., state that their demand is 
almost exclusively for Whippoorwill, a few inquiries being received 
for Clay, Black, and Unknown. A small demand exists for Red and 
certain sections call for New Era. 

The Barteldes Seed Co., of Lawrence, Kans., state that the best 
selling varieties are Whippoorwill and New Era. Only limited quan- 
tities are sold of Black, Clay, and Blackeye. 

The Texas Seed & Floral Co., of Dallas, Tex., write that their 
demand is principally for Whippoorwill, 80 per cent of their sales 
being of this variety. The 20 per cent is made up of Clay, Large 
Blackeye, Unknown, and Cream. 

The Amzi Goclden Seed Co., of Birmingham, Ala., state that of the 
bunch sorts their demand in the order of importance is for Whip- 
poorwill, Early Blackeye, and New Era; and of the running sorts, 
Unknown, Clay, Black, Red Ripper, Late White Blackeye, White 
Grayeye, and Small White Lady. They further write : 

So far as our own section is concerned, these varieties could be safely limited 
to the Unknown, which is unquestionably the best of all the running sorts, and 
for eating purposes to the late White Blackeye, the White Grayeye, and the 
small White Lady. In bunchy sorts there is really no excuse for more varieties 
than the Whippoorwill, and in white sorts the large Early White Blackeye. 

The J. Steckler Seed Co. (Ltd.), of New Orleans, La., give the 
following list : Tennessee Clay, Carolina, mixed, Unknown, Red Rip- 
per, Whippoorwill, Blackeye, Lady, and Louisiana Wild. 

229 



44 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



The N. L. Willet Seed Co., of Augusta, Ga., write as follows: 

Three-fourths of our shipments to-day are branded Mixed Clays [a group 
name including Iron, Unknown, Clay, and others] ; one-fourth of our demand for 
mixed peas goes to higher latitudes as mixed WhippoorwilL These are the great 
standard shipments. * * * We get few Clays; we grow large amounts of 
Unknown, and we can say that straight Unknown constitutes f>0 per cent of the 
demand and Iron and Whippoorwill 25 per cent each. 

H. G. Hastings & Co., of Atlanta, Ga., respond : 

In our trade, the demand seems to he pretty evenly divided between Unknown, 
Clay, and mixed. Within the last two or three years there has been quite a 
demand for the Iron and New Era varieties, but the older sorts are still the 
best sellers. 

The Crenshaw Brothers Seed Co., of Tampa. Fla., give the follow- 
ing list in the order of popularity : Whippoorwill, Clay, Red Ripper, 
Black Crowder, Two Crop, Conch, and California Blackeye. 

NAMES THAT HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO VARIETIES OE COWPEAS 
AND RELATED SPECIES. 

The list of names which have been applied to different varieties of 
cowpeas is a very large one. The old names, such as Clay, Black, 
Red Ripper, Unknown, and Blackeye. have been preserved through 
tradition by seedsmen. At present from 5 to :20 varieties can be 
purchased in the United States under each of these names. The} 7 
therefore may be regarded as group names rather than varietal 
names. Most of the names more recently used for varieties of cow- 
peas have been applied without a clue realization of the large number 
of varieties. In many cases descriptions have been given of the 
varieties, but even these do not, as a rule, suffice to identify them. 
Furthermore, different experiment stations have, in some instances 
at least, experimented with very different varieties under the same 
name. In a compilation, therefore, of the agronomic data concern- 
ing varieties of cowpeas, the element of doubt constantly arises as to 
the identity of the variety experimented with. In a number of 
cases seed has been obtained from experiment stations so apparently 
authentic that the identity of the variety is practically certain. In 
many other cases, however, authentic seed is no longer available, so 
that a certain degree of doubt must remain regarding the variety 
under test. 

In view of the great confusion which has already arisen, it is hoped 
that future experimenters with cowpeas will endeavor to work as far 
as possible with pedigreed seeds. Following is a list of names and 
notes concerning pedigreed seed, largely the work of Mrs. Katherine 
S. Bort. The serial number references relate to the chronological list 
beginning on page 75. 



229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



45 



Afghania. — A vernacular name for a catjang, Agrostology No. 1628, obtained 
from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India. 

Algerian. — Mentioned, without description, in Bulletin 6, New Mexico Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1892. 

Ankok.— See 5222. 

Argen Everbearing. — A variety grown by Mr. Kline O. Yarn, Fort Meade, 
Fla., said to have been introduced from Argentina and to be exceptionally 
valuable (Southern Planter, Mar. 19, 1904). Efforts to obtain seed of this 
variety have been without success. 

Arkansas. — Mentioned, without description, in Bulletin 81, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908. 

Ashy. — Said to be a prolific bunch variety with buff-colored seeds, and pods 
standing erect above the foliage and so early that two crops can be grown in 
Louisiana in the same season. (Farm and Ranch, Natchitoches, La., Feb. 16, 
1907.) Efforts to obtain seed of this variety have been unavailing. The descrip- 
tion points strongly to its being a catjang. 

Asparagus bean. — The common name applied to Vigna sesquipedalis. 

Ayrshire. — See 17409. 

Backwoods. — Agronomic notes, but no description, are given on the variety 
under this name in Bulletin 62, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900, 
page 466. Perhaps the same as Pea of the Backwoods. 

Barbati. — One of the common vernacular names applied to catjangs or cow- 
peas in India ; also spelled Burbuti, Burbudi, and Burbadi. 

Bass. — A name employed by some of the early writers for a variety with red 
seeds. It is described by Edmund Ruffin (Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 
1855, p. 352) as follows: 

The Bass (red) pea is used extensively on the lower Roanoke, in North 
Carolina, and preferred to the buff pea, because of its being much less 
liable to rot after ripening, and many of the seeds will remain on and in 
the ground (trodden down by grazing stock), during all the winter in 
North Carolina, and will germinate in the following spring. This quality 
(of other kinds as well as of this pea) is valuable for a mere forage crop; 
but is of less account, if not objectionable, for a manuring crop for wheat, 
when the peas are plowed under in September or October. The Bass pea 
is also one of the best vine bearers — but too late in maturing for this region. 

Also mentioned in Transactions of the Virginia State Agricultural Society, 1853 
(vol. 1, p. 173), as the Red, Tory, or Bass pea. Apparently, this variety is 
closely similar to Red Ripper, 17350. 

Bhadela. — A vernacular name used in India. See 17378. 

Big Hush. — Brief agronomic and descriptive notes published in Bulletin 46, 
Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900 (p. 20), refer to this 
variety as follows: 

" Late ; good growth of vine ; loses leaves early." 

Black. — A name generally applied to any black-seeded noncrowder variety. 
See 29292. 

Black and White. — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1895 (p. 582), as follows: 

A black-and-white speckled variety; vine a vigorous grower, running low 
and near the ground ; pods medium length, imperfectly filled with small 
peas ; yield per acre, 8.6 bushels. 

In Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896, the following 
descriptive note is given : " Small seed ; habit, trailing ; early." It is also 
mentioned, without description, in Bulletin 62, series 2, Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1900 (p. 466). This is probably much the same as Holstein, 17327. 
229 



46 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Black-and- White Speckled. — Described in Bulletin 34. Texas Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1895 (p. 582), as follows: 

Black-and-White Speckled. — Vine a vigorous grower, running low and 
near the ground; pods medium length, imperfecta filled with small peas; 
yield per acre, 8.6 bushels ; sown May 11. 

Black Betty. — Name mentioned in Lunan's Hortus Jamaicensis, 1814 (p. 434) ; 
presumably refers to a black-seeded variety of cowpea. 

Black Bunch. — Name with agronomic notes, published in P>ulletin 77, Arkansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station (p. 31). See 0589 under 29292. 

Black Crowder. — See 22052. Argonomic notes under this name are given in 
Bulletin of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, volume 31, No. 6, 
1910. 

Black Early. — Agronomic notes on a variety under this name are given in 
Bulletin 73, Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, 1906; and in Bulletin 
81, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908. Probably same as 
Early Black. 

Blackcye. — The earliest occurrence of this name in this form seems to be in 
the Farmers' Register ; 1835 (vol. 2, p. 752), as follows: 

Common and in general demand among our sailors. Of this kind there 
are two varietieSj one much larger but less productive than the other. The 
smaller black-eyed pea is very productive; but as an improver of land, it 
stands at the bottom of the scale, having less vine than any other kind. 
Similar notes occur in Transactions of the Virginia State Agricultural Society, 
1853 (vol. 1 2 p. 175) ; and Ruffin, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 1855, pa« r e 
348. In experiment-station literature, descriptions or agronomic notes occur 
as follows : 

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 12, 1890. 
Georgia Experiment Station, Bulletin 26, 1894. 

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 34 (1S95) and 59 

(1901) . 

Louisiana Experiment Station, Bulletins (ser. 2) 40 (1896) and 72 

(1902) . 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 40, 1896. 
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 133. 1S96. 
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 44, 1900. 
Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin (vol. 11. no. 3). 1S9S. 
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Report for 1900 ( p. 504 i . 
Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 46 (1900) 
and 81 (190S). 

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 199 (1902) and 
Special Bulletin 31 (1905). 
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin SO, 1903. 
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 73. 1906. 
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 123, 1906. 
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 160, 1909. 

So many varieties of cowpeas have black eyes that the name is really a group 
name. 

Blackeyed Bird's-Foot.—See 2082. 
Black eyed Lady.— See 17420. 

Blackeyed White. — Mentioned in the American Agriculturist, 1876 (vol. 35, 
p. 139). Described as "cream colored with a distinct black eye."' Probably 
the same as " Blackeye." 

Black Field. — Mentioned in the American Agriculturist, 1876 (vol. 35, p. 139). 
Described as " Jet black with a small white scar." 

Black King. — Mentioned in Bulletin 28, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1894 (p. 974). 

Black Self-Seeding.— Bee 05SS under 29292. 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



47 



Blue. — Mentioned in various publications of the Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion. Descriptive notes are given as follows: 

A small, blue, bunch pea. An excellent bearer and early, maturing peas 
in from 50 to 60 days after planting. (Bulletin 27, Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1SS9, p. 488.) 

Blue pea, a bunch pea and small, blue colored, bears well but makes very 
little vine; very early. (Bulletin 40, series 2, Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1896, p. 1459). 

The identity of this variety, which has been mentioned under this name only in 
bulletins of the Louisiana Experiment Station, is uncertain, but it is probably 
the New Era. The New Era is locally known as the " Blue pea," as the Groit 
is locally known in southern Illinois. 

Blue-Black. — Agronomic and descriptive notes of this variety are given in 
Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. It is said 
to be " Late ; bluish-black seed ; vines inclined to stand up ; yield of vine, fair." 
Perhaps the same as Watson, 17425. 

Blue Hull. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. ISO), as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; stalk and leaf small ; tint, a moderate green ; trails 
slightly at end of vines; blossom — vexillum light purple, wings white; 
form, kidney ; pod — medium in size, blue-black ; pea, large, white, wrinkled ; 
very late; moderate producer of both vines and peas. 

The same name with descriptive notes occurs in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896 : " Seeds white, large ; habit, half trailing, 
early." Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900 
(p. 21), has the following note: " Very late; trails; moderate yield of vine." 

Boss. — This name has been mentioned in several bulletins of the Louisiana 
Experiment Station, together with descriptive and agronomic notes. It is there 
stated to be identical with Unknown. 

Brabham,— See 21599. 

Breach. — This name is published in the American Agriculturist, 1876 (vol. 35, 
p. 139), with the following description: "Purplish-brown or reddish-chocolate 
colored, with a dark line at the eye." 

Brown and White. — This name, without description, appears in Bulletin 62, 
series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900, page 466. 

Browneye. — The earliest publication of this name seems to be in the American 
Agriculturist, 1876, quoted on page 36. Descriptive or agronomic notes in 
experiment-station literature occur as follows: 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report for 1890 (p. 
131) and Bulletin SO, 1903. 

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 34, 1895. 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 46 (1900) 
and 81 (1908). 

Broicn-and-White Speckled Croioder. — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1895 (p. 582), as follows: 

Brown-and-TVhite Speckled Crowder. — A speckled crowder variety; vines 
erect, running vigorously; first ripe September 18; pods long, well filled 
with brown-and-white speckled peas of medium size; yield per- acre, 14 
bushels ; sown May 11. 

Brown Coffee. — See 17404. Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin of the North 
Carolina Department of Agriculture (vol. 31, no. 6), 1910, but this variety is 
somewhat different from 17404. See 25512B, 
229 



48 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Brown Crowder. — See 17370. Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 80. Arkan- 
sas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903: and in Bulletin 81, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908. 

Browneye Croicder. — See 17348. Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin lis. Ala- 
bama Agricultural Experiment Station. 1902; and in Bulletin of the North 
Carolina Department of Agriculture (vol. 31, no. 6), 1910. 

Browneyed Sugar. — Appears by name only in the 1896 catalogue of the N. L. 
Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. 

Buckmoran. — Mentioned with agronomic, but without descriptive notes in 
Bulletin 02, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900 (p. 466). 

Buckshot. — Mentioned by name only in the 1908 catalogue of the X. L. Willet 
Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. 

Buff. — The following descriptive notes are found in Ruffin's Essays and 
Notes on Agriculture, 1855 (p. 351). 

The buff-colored pea, usually called either the cow or clay pea, has seeds 
of a uniform pale-buff color, except the eye, which is in a small spot of 
pale green. The buff tint is more or less deep in different crops, but is 
very uniform through any one, raised from seed of one appearance. This 
kind is understood to be productive in grain, and I know it to be so in 
general growth (or of vine and leaf). It is too late in ripening for my 
locality, 1 so that in the series of years when I cultivated this kind prin- 
cipally, and preferred it as the best vine bearer. I could not save seed ex- 
cept insufficiently, and at more than usual cost of labor. It will not bear 
much exposure to wet weather after ripening without rotting. * * * 
Mr. J. Cotton, of Halifax. N. C, an experienced and judicious pea farmer, 
says that two very different buff-colored peas are usually confounded as 
one. The tender pea (1) described above he calls the cowpea. and as the 
claypea he raises a kind much more productive in grain, and of which the 
ripe peas will lie on the ground all winter without rotting. This last is a 
late kind — and he has made it earlier, and without any loss in its produc- 
tion, as he thinks, by every year saving the earliest ripened pods only for 
planting. 

Buroudi. — See Barbati. 

Bush Conch. — This name appears in catalogue for 1910 of Crenshaw Bros. 
Seed Co., Tampa, Fla.. apparently a synonym for Concn. 

Calavance or Calauencc. — A name used by early writers for the cowpea. 
Barham (Hortus Americanus, 1794. p. 2S) used it for a variety with small, 
white seeds, while Luuan (Hortus Jamaicensis, 1S14. p. 434) used it for a red- 
seeded variety. Among later spellings of this name have been Calivant, Gali- 
vant, and Gallivant, apparently applied to different varieties. 

Calico. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1S94 (p. ISO), 
as follows : 

Recumbent ; tremendous trailer ; small leaf and stalk but dark green and 
vigorous : extremely late ; no blossoms August IS ; form, kidney ; pod. very 
large, yellow : pea, very large, red mottled on white ground and quite 
pretty ; very heavy producer of both peas and vines. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896; Bulletin 21. New Mexico Agricultural Ex- 
perimental Station, 1S97 ; and in Bulletin 46. Delaware College Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1900. A variety is described in Bulletin 98. Kentucky Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. 1902 (p. 44). under the same name, but which 
may be different. The description is as follows : 

Trails moderately : foliage gray green : planted May 3 : numerous green 
pods August 10 : some ripe pods August 31 ; pods 6 to 7 inches long, with a 

1 In Virginia, probably near Marlboro. 

229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VAEIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



49 



compound curve ; plump ; 0.37 inch from front to back ; 15 seeds in a pod ; 
length of seed, 0.32 inch ; diameter from scar to back. 0.25 inch ; thickness, 
0.20 inch ; color, cream white, with an extensive area about scar drab, and 
frequently with scattered dots of this color. Product of vine, medium ; of 
seed, 10§ to 13£ bushels per acre. Seems well adapted to this region. Seed 
bought of C. S. Brent, Lexington, Ky. 

Perhaps both of the above descriptions refer to the same variety, which may be 
identical with 17339. This has buif-and-white blotched seeds, but the buff 
quickly deepens in color to red. 

California. — A variety is mentioned under this name in Bulletin of the Ten- 
nessee Agricultural Experiment Station (vol. 11, no. 3, 1898, p. 96) ; and in 
Bulletin 160, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909. Apparently this 
is California Blackeye, practically the only variety at present grown in Cali- 
fornia. 

California Bird's~Eyc. — A name mentioned in Bulletin 61, Cornell University 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1893 (p. 335). In all probability identical 
with California Blackeye. 

California Blackeye. — See 17338. Agronomic notes on this variety are found 
in the following publications: 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 70 (1901) and 80 
(1903). 

Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 73, 1906. 
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1905 
(p. 368). 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 81, 1908. 
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 103 (1905) 
and 123 (1906). 

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 130, 1904. 
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 74, 1907. 
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 69, 1903. 

Calivant. — Briefly described in Transactions of the Virginia State Agricul- 
tural Society, 1853 (vol. 1, p. 173), as follows: "A small, round, white pea, 
good bearer, and making good crop of vines ; better as a variety for the table." 
See also Calavance. 

Calvins. — Mentioned without descriptive notes in Bulletin 62, Louisiana Ex- 
periment Station, series 2, 1900. Probably the same as Colvin. 

Camden. — See Early Camden. 

CapeharVs Red Pea. — Described in Bulletin 98, North Carolina Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1894, p. 142, as follows : 

Seems to be a strain of the Red Ripper ; has larger seeds and seems to be 
rather more prolific; herbage about the same. 

Cardinal.— See 0599 under 17349. 

Carolina. — Name without description published in Bulletin of the Tennessee 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1898 (vol. 11, no. 3, p. 95). 
Carramunny-pyre. — See 21294. 
Chang kiang ton. — See 23214. 
Chauli.—See Choli, also 17376. 
Chavali.—See Choli, also 21602. 

Chickasaw. — Described by Ruffin (Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 1855, 
p. 353), as a favorite early red pea, said to be very productive but not as pro- 
ductive as the Shinney. Later writers use the name principally as applying to 
the mung bean (Phaseolus radiatas). 

Chinese Browneye. — See 17329. 

Chinese Red.— See 17328. 

Chinese Whippoorwill. — See 17330. 



2968°— Bui. 229—12- 



4 



50 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Chocolate. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, L894 
(p. 181), as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; vigorous; medium leaf and stalk: blossom — wings white, 
vexillum purple; form, kidney; pod, medium yellow; pea, medium brown 
(or chocolate), mottled on white ground, wrinkled; very early; light 
yielder of vines; moderate producer of peas. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletins 53 (1898) and 02 
(1900), series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 
Chola.— See Choli, also 21296. 

Choli. — A vernacular name employed in India for both the catjang and the 
cowpea. Variant spellings of this word are Chauli, Chola, Chowall, Chowlee, 
and Chavali. See 17377. 

Chowder. — Mentioned without description in Bulletin 160, Kansas Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1909. 

Chowlee.— See Choli, also 21296. 

Claret-Colored Crowder. — Described in Farmers' Register, 1835 (vol. 2, no. 12, 
p. 752), as follows: 

Possesses all the most valuable qualities of the cow or Yeatman pea, 
together with such a degree of hardiness that many of them will remain 
in the ground all winter and come up in the following spring. Of this fact 
I was assured by the North Carolina gentleman who gave them to me. 
He also stated that they were deemed more valuable in that State — at 
least in the eastern part of it — than any other Indian pea ; so much, indeed, 
that in renting out land, it was a common stipulation that the whole of 
the corn land should be planted with these peas, from a general belief that, 
if the vines were all left on the ground it might be cultivated every year 
without being impoverished. 

Clay. — The first published reference to a variety under this name seems to be 
in Transactions of the Virginia State Agricultural Society, 1853 (vol. 1, p. 173), 
as follows: 

The Clay or Gray pea is a gray or light yellow, a good bearer, and yields 
heavy vines. It is a soft pea, and for this reason is preferred by stock and 
hogs to the coarser varieties, such as Tory, etc. Not so forward as the 
Shinney pea, nor will it bear so late. Is a heavy pea. Preferred for stock 
and perhaps more generally cultivated than any other variety. Will not bear 
exposure to bad weather. Is liable to be stained and turned dark by wet. 

See also 17340. 

Claybank. — This name, which is perhaps merely an amplification of the 
word " Clay," has been published by a number of writers. In the American 
Agriculturist, 1876 (vol. 35, p. 139), it is described as "drab, usually dark at 
the eye." In Bulletin 146, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1897 (p. 251), brief agronomic notes are given. 

Clay Colored. — This name is probably merely an amplification of the name 
Clay. Published in Bulletin 12, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1890. 

Clovin, — Name with very brief description published in The Cowpea, a pub- 
lication of the North Carolina Horticultural Society, issued about 1906. It is 
perhaps merely a misprint of Colvin. 

Coffee. — The following description occurs in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment 
Station, 1894 (p. 181) : 

Tall, upright grower, does not run at all ; heavy stalk ; leaf, medium and 
dark green; form, kidney; pod, large, yellow; pea. medium, brown mottled, 
on white ground ; medium early ; yield of vines, large ; of peas, very large. 

229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



51 



Apparently the same variety is described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1895 (p. 582). Agronomic and descriptive notes under this 
name have also been published in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1900 ; Bulletin 53, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 
1898 ; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. It 
is doubtful, however, if all of these notes refer to the same variety. In eastern 
North Carolina the name " Coffee " is also more or less used for the Taylor 
variety. 

Collar cl. — See Green Collard. 

Colvin. — This is described in Bulletin 29, series 2, Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1894 (p. 1044), as follows: 

Colvin is a medium large, light-red pea, resembling somewhat the Red 
Ripper. It is the bunch kind, very prolific and early, fruiting in 8 or 9 
weeks. Not much vine. 

Descriptive notes also occur in Bulletins 29, series 2 (1894), and 72, series 2 
(1902), Louisiana Experiment Station; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Conch. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 181), 
as follows: 

Flattest grower of all the peas ; lies close to the ground like a sweet 
potato vine; weak and slow grower; light-green leaves; pod, medium yel- 
low ; pea, medium white ; unproductive ; very late and absolutely worthless. 

Agronomic and descriptive notes under this name also occur in the following 
publications : 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 31 (1894) and 80 
(1903) ; Annual Report, 1895 (p. 12.). 

Louisiana Experiment Station, bulletins 21 and 22 (1889), 7, series 2 
(1891), 16, series 2 (1892), and 62, series 2 (1900). 

Georgia Experiment Station, Bulletin 26, 1894. 

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 34, 1895. 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Reports for 
1892 (p. 32) and for 1895 (p. 8). 

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 98, 1394. 

Congo — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894, p. 181, 
as follows: 

Recumbent, though not a trailer; leaf and stalk moderately large; light 
green ; blossom light lilac ; form kidney ; pod large, yellow ; pea, very large, 
jet black ; very early ; yield of vines, moderate ; of peas, heavy. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900 ; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896. It is apparently identical with Early 
Black, 17336. 

Constitution. — This variety is described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment 
Station, 1894 (p. 181), as follows: 

Semirecumbent, but does not trail ; leaf and stalk small, medium green ; 
handsome grower; blossom pale lilac; form kidney; pod small, yellow; 
pea, very small, jet black ; very late ; yield of vines, heavy ; of peas, lightest 
in the list. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896. 
Cotton Patch.— See 29291. 
229 



52 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Couch. — Apparently a misprint for Conch. Under this name notes occur in 
Circular 69, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903; and in Bulletin 
130, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, 1904. 

Cream.— See 17693. 

Cream White.— Published in the 1896 catalogue of the N. L. Willet Seed Co., 
Augusta, Ga., by name only. 

Crowder. — This name is properly used for any variety of the eowpea in 
which the seeds are so closely placed in the pods as to be flattened at the ends. 
Crowder varieties occur in nearly all of the seed colors. The name, however, 
without any qualifying adjective, has sometimes been applied to a particular 
variety, as in Bulletin 77, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (p. 31) ; 
and in Bulletin 6, New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, 1892. 

Cuckold's Increase. — A name used in the West Indies for various varieties of 
cowpeas, but perhaps mainly for varieties with white or nearly white seeds. 
The descriptive notes of the older writers, such as Hughes (Natural History 
of Barbados, 1750, p. 210), Lunan (Hortus Jamaicensis, 1814, p. 435). and 
Romans (Natural History of East and West Florida, 1775), are insufficient to 
identify the variety definitely. MacFadyen (Flora of Jamaica, 1857. vol. 1, 
p. 288) states that the seeds of Cuckold's Increase are said to be "light- 
reddish buff." 

Delicious. — See 17373. 

Dennis's Field. — Published as a synonym of White Table in the American 
Agriculturist (vol. 35, 1876, p. 139). 

Dixie. — Descriptive and agronomic notes on a variety of this name are 
published in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1900. 

Downs Early Ripener. — See 17331. Identical with New Era. 

Dwarf Whippoorwill. — Agronomic and descriptive notes were published on 
this variety in various bulletins of the Louisiana Experiment Station, especially 
Nos. 22 and 27, 18S9. Probably same as Whippoorwill. 

Early Amber. — A variety under this name is mentioned by Prof. C. L. New- 
man in the Orange Judd Farmer (vol. 38, 1905, p. 673). 

Early Black.— See 17336. 

Early Blackeye.—See 17335. 

Early Boolock.—See 8418. 

Early Brown Dent. — Descriptive and agronomic notes under this name are 
given in Bulletin 118, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902; and in 
Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. 

Early Bulloch. — Descriptive and agronomic notes under this name are given 
in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station 1900 ; and in 
Bulletin 118, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. 

Early Bush. — See quotation on page 36. 

Early Camden. — Identified as Conch by C. R. Ball. 

Early White Blackeye. — Mentioned without description in Bulletin 62 (ser. 
2), Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900 (p. 466). 

Eureka. — Mentioned by name only in Bulletin of the Tennessee Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1898, (vol. 11, no. 3, p. 95). 

Everlasting. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1S94 (p. 
181), as follows: 

Everlasting. — Semirecumbent ; small leaf and stalk ; light green ; blossom, 
light lilac ; form, kidney ; pod, medium yellow ; pea. small, pinkish buff : 
late ; yield of vines, heavy ; of peas, very light ; said to remain in the ground 
all winter without injury. 

229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



53 



Notes under this name have also been published in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1895 ; Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, 1896; Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1900; and in Bulletin 62, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 
1900. There is reason to believe that this variety is identical with Iron. 
Extra Early. — Mentioned without description in Bulletin 160, Kansas Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1909. 

Extra Early Blackeye. — Descriptive notes have been published in Bulletin 98, 
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. Agronomic notes are also 
published under this name in Bulletin 70, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1901 (No. 17335) ; Bulletin 118, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1902 ; Bulletin 103, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1905 ; 
Bulletin 73, Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, 1906; Bulletin 81, Del- 
aware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908; and in Bulletin 160, 
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909. 

Extra Early Browneye. — Agronomic notes are published under this name in 
Bulletin 53, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1898. 

Field White Table. — Mentioned by name only in the 1896 catalogue of the 
N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. 

Flat Red. — The following descriptive notes are from Bulletin 34, Texas Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1S95 (p. 583) : 

Flat Red. — Vine erect and runs vigorously; first ripe September 20; 
pods, medium length, fairly well filled with small flat peas; yield per acre, 
12.4 bushels; sown May 11. 

Notes under this name are also published in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896; and in Bulletin 62, series 2, Louisiana Ex- 
periment Station, 1900. 

Flint. — Mentioned by name only in the 1910 catalogue of the N. L. Willet 
Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. 

Forage. — The following description is from Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment 
Station, 1894 (p. 181) : 

Forage or Shinney. — Semirecumbent ; trails r makes an enormous amount 
of vines; leaf and stalk small, but dark green and vigorous; blossoms, 
purple; form, kidney; pod, large, yellow; pea, medium, jet black; very late; 
yield of vines, very heavy ; of peas, light. 

Under the same name descriptive and agronomic notes are given in Bulletin 46, 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. 

Forty-Day. — Under this name a variety is advertised in the 1904 catalogue 
of the J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans, La. 

Gallavant or Galivant or Gallivant. — See also Calavance. Descriptive and 
agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 84, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1904 ; and agronomic notes in Bulletin 160, Kansas Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, 1909. In seed catalogues this name is commonly published as a 
synonym of Lady. 

Gentleman pea. — See extract published under " Ladies pea," page 56. 

Giang don. — See 22903. 

Gourd. — This is described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 181), as follows: 

Gourd. — Synonyms : Mathews, Polecat. An excellent pea, but too much 
of a runner on rich land; large amount of foliage, though leaf and stalk 
are small ; very vigorous ; blossoms — wings white, vexillum purple ; form, 
kidney; pod, very long, sometimes 18 inches, yellow; pea, large, black 
blotches on white ground — hence its synonym " Polecat ; " very late, but 
productive, both in vines and peas. 

22» 



54 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Under the same name descriptive and agronomic notes are published in Bulletin 
46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; Bulletin 62. 
series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900; Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1895; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1896. Apparently in all cases where this name is used 
it is exactly synonymous with Taylor. 

Granite Crowder. — Described in the Industrialist. Kansas State Agricultural 
College (vol. 28, 1902, p. 462). Probably identical with Taylor Crowder. 

Gray. — See citations on pages 35 and 36. 
Gray eye. —See 17390. 

Gray Goose. — This name is usually, if not always, an exact synonym of 
Taylor. Agronomic notes under this name have been published in the fol- 
lowing : 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin TO, 1901. 
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Circular 69, 3903. 
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletins 103 (1905) 
and 123 (1906). 

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 130, 1904. 
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 160, 1909. 

Gray Prolific. — Notes on a variety under this name were published in Bul- 
letin 61, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 1893 (p. 335). 

Grecian. — See 17333. Agronomic notes are published in Bulletin 81, Delaware 
College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908. 

Green. — Descriptive and agronomic notes are published in Bulletin 40, Missis- 
sippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1S96. 

Green Collar A. — Described in Bulletin 53, series 2, Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1898 (p. 45), as follows: 

Presents every shade from a dirty white to a blue black. Unfortunately, 
the contrast does not show as nicely in the photograph as it does to the 
eye. The normal seed of this variety is a dirty white with dark stipple- 
like dots, giving it a darker color about the eye. It was noticed that some 
of these seeds were a little darker than others, and some of the darkest 
ones were selected for a separate planting. As a result from this harvest 
some seeds were obtained that were considerably darker than the ones 
planted, while others were not as dark, the majority returning to the 
ordinary color of the normal seed. 

Green Colored. — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1895 (p. 5S3), as follows: 

Green Colored. — A greenish pea with vine very erect and running vigor- 
ously ; first ripe September 18 ; pods medium length, well filled with small 
peas; yield per acre, 17.5 bushels; sown May 11. 

The name may perhaps be a corruption of Green Collard. 

Green-Eye ~\Yliite. — Described by Puffin, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 
1855 (p. 355), as follows: 

A small pea, of delicate flavor, and valued for table use by those who 
would reject the early black because of the dark and ugly appearance when 
cooked. The growth is too small for use as a stock-feeding or manuring 
crop. 

Grey Crowder. — Descriptive and agronomic notes are published in Bulletin 46, 
Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. 

Grey-Eye. — A variety advertised by the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birmingham, 
Ala., in 1905. Same as Grayeye. 

Groit.— See 17334. 

Guernsey.— See 3 740S. 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



5-5 



Guess. — A synonym of Iron, according to an unnumbered pamphlet on the 
Iron cowpea, published by the United States Department of Agriculture, Jan- 
uary 16, 1904. 

Gungi Rawani. — See 21295. 

Halesteine. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin of the North Carolina 
Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31). Apparently a typographical error 
for Holstein. 

Hammond's Black. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 160, Kansas Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1909. See 29292. 

Hammond's Extra Early. — Agronomic notes published in Special Bulletin 28, 
Experiment Station of Michigan Agricultural College, 1904. 

Han chiang d oh.— See 23307. 

Hollyorook. — Agronomic notes published under this name in Circular 69, 
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903; and in Bulletin 130, Pennsyl- 
vania Department of Agriculture, 1904. 

Holstein— See 17418. 

Indian. — This name was once originally applied to all cowpeas. See "A 
Description of South Carolina," by B. R. Carroll, Historical Collections of 
South Carolina, vol. 2, 1710 (p. 248) ; American Husbandry by "An American," 
1775 (pp. 447, 448) ; and article from Farmers' Register, 1835, quoted under 
"Claret-Colored Crowder " (p. 50). The name was apparently based on the 
supposition that the plant was native to America and cultivated by the Indians. 
In later years the name has been applied to a variety having red-and-white 
blotched seeds. Under this varietal name descriptive and agronomic notes 
occur as follows: 

Louisiana Experiment Station Bulletins (ser. 2) 27 (1889) ; 8 (1891) ; 
16 (1892) ; 19 (1892) ; 29 (1894) ; 40 (1896) ; 62 (1900) ; and 72 (1902). 
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 69, 1903. 
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 130, 1904. 

Indian Red. — Agronomic notes on a variety under this name published in 
Bulletin 28 series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1894. 

Innominate. — Said to be identical with Unknown. Notes, either descriptive 
or agronomic, published in bulletins of the North Carolina Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station Nos. 133 (1S96) and 146 (1897). 

Iron.— See 8418. 

Ironclad. — A synonym of Iron, published in 1908 catalogue of the N. L. 
TVillet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. 
Iron Mountain. — See 17423. 

Java. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 11, Minnesota Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1890 (p. 96). This name, and also Speckled Java, and 
its corruptions Jervy and Jervis, are probably older names for Taylor. 

Jervis. — See Java. 

Jerry. — See Java. 

Jhunga. — A vernacular name applied in India to the cowpea or the catjang. 
Joiner's Long-Pod. — See sitation on page 36. 

Jones's Perfection White. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 118, Ala- 
bama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. Probably the same as Jones's 
White. 

Jones's White. — Descriptive notes published in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; and agronomic notes in Bulletins 118 
and 120, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. 

Juroku sasage. — See 6311. 

229 



56 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Katikha. — A vernacular name applied to a catjang from India. 

King. — Under this name descriptive and agronomic notes have been pub- 
lished in various bulletins of the Louisiana Experiment Station, namely, Nob. 
22 and 27 (ser. 1), and Nos. 8, 16, 19, 29, 40, and 72 (ser. 2) ; also in Bulletin 
40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. It is described as having 
large black-and-white pied seeds. 

Kintohi.—See 6328. 

Kurakake.—See 6327. 

Kutolii.— See 6328. 

Ladies pea. — Under this name the following description in the Farmers' 
Register, 1835 (vol. 2, p. 752), occurs: 

The Ladies' pea, as some call it, or the Gentleman pea, as it is called by 
others, is the smallest I know; the most tasteless of all that I have ever 
tried; another variety differs from that last mentioned only in size and in 
being somewhat longer in proportion to its thickness. The only name 
which I have ever heard given to this was " the Gentleman pea," and it is 
well christened, if the term gentleman, according to little Harry Sanford's 
notion, means something that is good for nothing. 

Lady.— Bee 17359. 

Lady Finger. — Advertised in the 1905 catalogue of the Amzi Godden Seed 
Co., Birmingham, Ala. See 17388. 
Lal-rawani. — See 21292. 

Large Black. — RufEn, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 1855 (p. 355), de- 
scribes this variety as follows: 

Large Black or Tory (late) pea. — This is as great a vine bearer as the 
Buff pea, and still later in ripening. The seeds have a very thick skin 
and will lie through winter on the ground, unrotted, and sprout in spring. 
The pods burst open soon after ripening and scatter and waste the seeds, 
which is the great defect of this [variety] as a manuring crop. 

Large Blackeye. — Under this name descriptive or agronomic notes have been 
published as follows : 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 40 (1896), 83 
(1904), and 84 (1904). 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 70 (1901) and 80 
(1903). 

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 59, 1901. 

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 118, 1902. 

Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 98, 1902. 

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 149, 1903. 

Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 69, 1903. 

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 130, 1904. 

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1905. 

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 160, 1909. 

North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Bulletin (vol. 31, no. 6), 1910. 

Large Early Black. — Agronomic notes under this name were published in 
Bulletins 118 and 120, Alabama Agricutural Experiment Station, 1902. 

Large Lady. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 181), as follows: 

Large Lady. — Recumbent; small leaf and stalk; medium green in tint; 
vines vigorous; trail slightly at ends; pure white bloom; form, kidney; 
pod. small, yellow ; pea, small, white ; medium early ; heavy producer of 
both peas and vines. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Large Red. — Descriptive and agronomic notes under this name occur in Bul- 
letin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1895 ; and in Bulletin 40, Mis- 
sissippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



57 



Large White. — Under this name descriptive notes occur in Bulletin 34, Texas 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1895 (p. 5S3), as follows: 

Large White. — Vine a vigorous grower, running low and near the 
ground ; first ripe July 30 ; pods long and well filled with large white peas ; 
yield per acre, 17 bushels; sown May 11. 

Large White or Purple Hull. — A white pea with black eye; vigorous 
grower, erect, and running habits; first ripe August 15; pods, long and 
well filled with large, black-eyed peas; yield per acre, 17 bushels; sown 
May 11. 

Agronomic and descriptive notes also occur in bulletins of the Louisiana Ex- 
periment Station Nos. 22 and 27 (ser. 1), and Nos. 8, 16, 2S, 29, and 40 (ser. 2) ; 
and in Bulletin, 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Large White Blackcyc. — Descriptive and agronomic notes on this variety are 
published in Annual Report, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1890 (p. 
131) ; and agronomic notes in Bulletin 11S, Alabama Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1902; and in Bulletin 72 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Station. 1902. 

Large White Crow. — Name only published in Bulletin 77, Arkansas Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1903 (p. 31). 

Large White Croicder. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 118, Alabama 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. 

Large White Spot.— See 22726. 

Large YeUow-Eye. — Mentioned by name only in the 1909 catalogue of the 
N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. 

Lcland. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 118, Alabama Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1902 (p. 13). 

Lestones.— See 6228. 

Lilac Red-Pod. — This is described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 
1894 (p. 181), as follows: 

Recumbent ; moderate-sized leaf and stalk, but dark green and vigorous ; 
an even, pretty grower ; blossom white ; form kidney ; pod dark reddish 
brown or black, medium sized; pea large with lilac-colored mottles on white 
ground ; medium early ; light producer of both peas and vines. 

Agronomic and descriptive notes also occur in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900 ; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Little Iron. — A name sometimes used for the Iron. 

Little Lady. — Probably the same as Lady. Name published in Bulletin 21, 
Louisiana Experiment Station, 1889 (p. 275). 

Liver. — Descriptive and agronomic notes published in Bulletin 46, Delaware 
College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900 ; and agronomic notes in Bulletin 
62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900. 

Lobia* — A vernacular name for cowpeas and catjangs in parts of India. See 
21791. 

Long Lady. — See 17401. 
Louisiana Wild. — See 17405. 

Macassar. — A name applied to all cowpeas in Brazil, according to Mr. W. 
Fischer. See 21006 and 21299. 

Mammoth Black. — Agronomic notes published under this name in BulletiD 
199, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902; and in Bulletin 130, 
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. 1904. 

Mammoth Clay. — Agronomic notes published under this name in Bulletin 199, 
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902; and in Bulletin 130, Pennsyl- 
vania Department of Agriculture, 1904. 

Masri.— See 25016. 
229 



58 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Mathews. — A synonym of Gourd, which see. Descriptive and agronomic notes 
under this name have been published also in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1896. 

McNiel. — Notes are published on this variety in Bulletin 14, Florida Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1901, as follows: 

The McNiel pea, which originated in this town (Lake City), and popular 
as a shipper, being a good bearer and hardy, was also tested. It is a little 
later than the very early varieties, but a bunch pea of good size and full 
pod. This pea is very scarce and all raised were saved for seed. Popular 
market pea and desired by shippers. 

Mealer's Clay. — A typographical error for Mel ear. See Bulletin of the North 
Carolina Department of Agriculture (vol. 31, no. 6), 1910. 
Melear.— See 17383. 
Michigan Favorite. — See 13472. 
Miller.— See 29301. 
Monkey's Tail.— See 24213. 

Mottled. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 81. Delaware College Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1908. This name has been used as a synonym of 
Shinney, which see. 

Mount Olive. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 77, Arkansas Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1903; and in Bulletin 160, Kansas Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1909. See 17340. 

Mountain Crowder. — See 29288. 

Mush. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 182), 
as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; large leaf and stalk; vines trail at ends; blossom, pur- 
ple; form, crowder; pod, small, yellow; pea. medium, white; medium early; 
yield of vines, moderate; of peas, very heavy. 

Agronomic or descriptive notes are also published in the following : 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 46, 1900. 
Louisiana Experiment Station, Bulletin 62, series 2, 1900. 
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 118, 1902. 
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 34, 1895. 
Mississipi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 11, 1890. 

New Era.— See 21088. 

New Revenue. — A name published in the 1910 catalogue of William Henry 
Maule, Philadelphia, Pa. Exactly the same as Michigan Favorite. 

Nigger. — Described and illustrated in the Industrialist, Kansas State Agricul- 
tural College, 1902 (vol. 28. p. 462). " Seeds black, small." 

No Name. — A synonym of Unknown, published in Bulletin 133, North Carolina 
Agricultural Experiment Station. 1896. 

Northern Prolific. — Agronomic notes published in Bulletin 130, Pennsylvania 
Department of Agriculture. 1904, and in Circular 69, Illinois Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1903. Same as Sherman's Northern Prolific. 

Old Man,— See 17354. 

Old Man's Friend, — A synonym of Pea of the Backwoods. 
Pale Red, — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1895 (p. 583). as follows: 

Pale Red, — A pale, red variety; vine medium growth, erect, and bunched; 
first ripe September 25; pods medium length, imperfectly filled with small, 
pale-red peas; yield per acre, 11.9 bushels; sown May 11. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes are also published in Bulletin 40, Mississippi 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



59 



Panmure Early Wonder. — See 27199. 

Pea of the Backwoods. — Described in Bulletin 22, Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1SS9 (p. 319), as follows: 

This pea was brought to notice two years ago by the letters of Mr. Ed- 
ward Fonville. of Onslow County, N. C, in the Southern Cultivator. It 
was recommended as the earliest bunch pea, and excellent for table use. 
It has so proved; two weeks ahead of any other, a larger bearer, and as a 
shell pea for table use, tender, marrowy, and palatable. Are ripe for table 
use just six weeks after planting. It is a bunch pea strictly, therefore, af- 
fording not much vine. The seeds are small, cream colored, slightly " pied." 
Very prolific. At Calhoun it matured in forty days. Two crops a year 
were grown on same ground last year at Baton Rouge. 

Other notes occur in bulletins of the Louisiana Experiment Station No. 27 
(1S94), and in (ser. 2) Nos. 8, 16, 19, 29; also in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896. 
Peerless.— See 25311. 

Polecat. — A synonym of Gourd, which see. Agronomic and descriptive notes 
are published under this name in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station. 1896. 

Pony. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 182), 
as follows : 

Pony. — Recumbent : leaf and stalk of medium size, but dark green and 
vigorous; blossom, pure white; form, kidney; pod, small, yellow; pea, 
medium, white, wrinkled ; heavy yielder of both peas and vines ; medium 
early. 

According to additional notes by Mr. C. R. Ball, the seeds are white with a 
black eye, medium sized, short and broad, and finely wrinkled. Descriptive and 
agronomic notes under this name also occur in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Poona. — Mentioned in the Agricultural Gazette, New South Wales, 1909 
(vol. 20, p. S32). Mr. H. TV. Potts, Richmond, New South Wales, says: 

This is a variety formerly called Upright. It was secured originally from 
Calcutta, India, and after eight years' testing is the best of all that we 
have tried. 

Poor Man's Friend. — A synonym of Pea of the Backwoods. Described in 
Bulletin 19, series 2, Louisiana Experiment Station, 1892 (p. 540), as follows: 

Originated by Edward Fonville, of North Carolina. An early bunch pea, 
but little vine: ripening in six weeks from planting; seed small, cream 
colored, slightly pied ; excellent for table purposes ; two or three crops may 
be grown in a year. 

Agronomic and descriptive notes occur also in Bulletins 21 and 22, Louisiana Ex- 
periment Station, 1889. 

Powell's Early Prolific. — See 17392. Agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 
of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31. no. 6). Accord- 
ing to Dr. B. W. Kilgore, Raleigh, N. C, the origin of this variety is as follows : 

Powell's Early Prolific was obtained from William Powell, Merry Oaks, 
N. C. It is stated that he found six peas, five or six years ago, in some 
coffee, which he supposed came from Brazil. These seeds were planted, 
and the variety came in this way, according to our understanding. 

Purple-Eye. — Descriptive and agronomic notes are given in Report of the 
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, 1900 (p. 504), as follows: 

The large Blackeye and Purple-Eye are typical of one another. * * * 
The Blackeye and Purple-Eye are of the same ground color, differing only 
in the color of the ring surroimdiug the eye. 

229 



60 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Purple Hull. — Descriptive or agronomic notes under this name occur in 
bulletins (ser. 2) of the Louisiana Experiment Station, 28 and 29 (1894), 72 
(1902), and 40 (1896). In Bulletin 40 (p. 1458) it is described as follows : 

Purple Hull, so called on account of color of hull ; a large white pea ; 
yield small, with fair amount of vines; medium early. 

This variety has also been advertised by the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birming- 
ham, Ala., who write concerning it as follows : 

Very popular in our immediate section ; grown principally for eating pur- 
poses, being of extra good quality; exceedingly prolific, very hardy, vigorous 
grower; produces great area of foliage and seems to be less bothered by 
weevil than many others; very large long pod, of a rich purple color, about 
the time the peas are mature. 

Purple Hull Crowder. — Described in Bulletin 20, Georgia Experiment Sta- 
tion, LS94 (p. 182), as follows: 

Sem i recumbent ; vines trail at end, but growth even and pretty; leaf 
and stalk small and dark green; bloom, purple; form, crowder; pod small, 
purplish black; pea, medium, dull red; very late; yield of vines, light; of 
peas, heavy. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896, and in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1900. 

Quadroon. — Published as a synonym of Unknown in Bulletin 26, Georgia 
Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 183). The name is also published in Bulletin 
40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Queen of Carolina. — Agronomic but no descriptive notes occur under this 
name in Bulletin 146, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1897. 

Quick. — A variety advertised under this name by H. G. Hastings & Co., of 
Atlanta, Ga., No. 27930, not yet tested. 

Ram's-Horn. — A variety with black-eyed white seeds, which has been adver- 
tised by Peter Henderson & Co., New York City, 1903, and by T. W. Wood & 
Sons, Richmond, Va., 1909 and 1910. The name first appears in Vilmorin's The 
Vegetable Garden, 1885 (p. 74), with the following description: 

Dolichos unguiculatus L. ; Black-eyed Dolichos. Years ago Mr. Durieu de 
Maisonneuve, director of the botanic garden at Bordeaux, introduced a 
very siugular variety of this plant, the pods of which instead of being 
straight are curved round and round, from which peculiarity it received 
the name of Ram's-Horn bean. Culture and uses are the same as those 
of the ordinary variety. 

The name has also been applied by some seedsmen to a black-seeded variety. 
Ram's-Horn Blackeye. — See 27548. 

Rowan. — A name with various modifications, such as Eaw T ang and Itawani, 
which is applied to the catjangs in various parts of India. See 21293 and 21297. 

Red. — A name that has been quite generally applied to any red, i. e.,. maroon, 
colored cowpeas. A very early reference occurs in Lunan (quoted under " Cala- 
vance"). In Transactions of the Virginia State Agricultural Society, 1853 
(vol. 1, p. 173), it is described as follows: 

The Red, Tory, or Bass pea. — Its distinguishing characteristic is its ability 
to withstand wet and bad weather; a very valuable crop for late winter 
feeding of hogs and stock. Will last through the winter. A hard coarse 
pea, and stock will not eat it as long as the softer kinds last. A good 
bearer; yields a very heavy crop of vines. Does not mature early. Is a 
dark chocolate red, and its color is not affected by the weather; said to 
volunteer. 

229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VAKIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



61 



Kuffin, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 1855, also describes a " Red " cowpea. 
(See quotation under "Bass.") In recent literature descriptive or agronomic 
notes occur as follows : 

Georgia Experiment Station, Bulletin 26, 1894. 

Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins (ser. 2) Nos. 40 
(1896) and 72 (1902). 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 46 (1900) 
and 81 (1908). 

Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 98, 1902. 
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 69, 1903. 
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 130, 1904. 
Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, Bulletin 73, 1906. 

It is impossible to identify any of these excepting where pedigreed seed may 
still be available. See also notes under " Red Ripper " and " Red Crowder." 

Red-and -White Speckled. — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1895, as follows: 

Red-and-White Speckled (Red Pod). — A red pea with white specks; vine 
vigorous, running low and near the ground ; first ripe September 7 ; pods 
medium length, imperfectly filled with peas of medium size; yield per acre, 
12.5 bushels ; sown May 11. 

Red Carolina. — This name appears in the 1905 catalogue of T. W. Wood & 
Sons, Richmond, Va., and agronomic notes have been published in Bulletin 168, 
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 1907. See 17519. 

Red Cow. — See citation on page 36. 

Red Croiodcr. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 182), as follows: 

Recumbent ; lies quite flat ; leaf and stalk of moderate size, but of good 
color and vigorous ; peas radiate in bunches horizontally and at right 
angles to stem; blossom light purple; form, crowder; pod, very small, 
yellow ; pea, medium, dull red ; early ; yield of vines, medium ; of peas, 
heavy. 

Descriptive or agronomic notes also occur in the following : 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 34, 1895. 
Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 46 (1900) 
and 81 (1908). 

North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Bulletin, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 
See also 17361. 

Red-Eye. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 
182), as follows: 

Trails ; leaf and stalk, medium, light green ; blossom — wings white, vexil- 
lum purple; pod, medium, blue black; pea, medium, white with red eye; 
early ; light yielder of both peas and vines. 

Descriptive or agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896; in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1900; and in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1900. 

Red-Eyed Red Pod. — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, 1895 (p. 583), as follows: 

Red-Eyed Red Pod. — A white pea with red eye ; vine made a moderate 
growth, running low and near the ground ; first ripe September 7 ; pods 
medium length, well filled with peas of medium size; yield per acre, 14.3 
bushels; sown May 11. 

229 



62 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPBA, ETC. 



Red-Hulled White. — See citation on page 36. 

Red Iron. — A name published in the Agricultural News, Barbados. 1000 (voL 
8, p. 173). This variety, grown in Victoria, Australia, was said to have been 
found originally mixed with the seed of ordinary Iron. It is stated to be 
similar to the Iron in habit, pods maturing in 115 days as against 106 for the 
Iron. 

Red Pod. — This is very briefly described in Bulletin 40. Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station. 1806, as having "mottled and speckled" medium- 
sized seeds. 

Red Ripper. — See 17350. 

Red River. — Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 100. Kansas Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1000. Probably a misprint for Red Ripper. 

Red Running. — Descriptive and agronomic notes occur in the Annual Report 
of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station for 1800 (p. 131) : 

Produces much vines but less productive of peas ; vines grow very long 
and lie flat, remaining green long after peas have ripened ; the pods were 
long and well filled, medium size, of dark-red color. 

Red Sport.— See 20200. 

Red Tory. — Described in Bulletin 10 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Station, 
1S02 (p. 541), as follows: 

A red pea of wonderful powers of vitality, often remaining sound in the 
soil for many months. The matured pods on the vines which are turned 
under in the fall, on land planted in small grain, will germinate and give a 
good crop of peas after the grain has been harvested. Produces a large 
amount of vines and foliage; one of the best for green manuring; remains 
green till frost. 

Agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 146, North Carolina Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1807. 

Red Unknown. — Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 103, South Carolina Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1005, and in Bulletin 160. Kansas Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1000. 

Red Whippoorwill. — See 17374. 

Red Yellowhull. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 
1804 (p. 182), as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; leaf and stalk medium : dark green : blossom, violet : 
form, kidney; pod, medium, yellow; pea, large, dull red; early; yield of 
vines, medium ; of peas, very heavy. 

Descriptive or agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1806; in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1000; and in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1000. See 20286. 

Red Yellow Pod. — This name appears with brief descriptive notes in The 
Cowpea, published by the North Carolina State Horticultural Society, about 
1006. It is apparently a typographical error for Red Yellowhull. 

Redding. — Described in Bulletin 26. Georgia Experiment Station, 1804 
(p. 182), as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; small, light leaf and stalk, but vigorous, making a large 
amount of vines ; purple bloom ; form, kidney ; pods, very small, yellow : 
pea, small, dull red : very late ; yield of vines, very heavy : of peas, very 
light. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1806, and in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1000. 

229 




NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 63 



Regular Lady. — This name is mentioned in Bulletin 28 (ser. 2), Louisiana 
Experiment Station, 1S94 (p. 974). Perhaps synonymous with Lady. 

Rice. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 1S2), 
as follows : 

Semirecumbeut ; small, light-green leaf and stalk; trails at end of vines; 
snow-white bloom; form, kidney; pod small, yellow; pea small, white; 
very late; yield of vines, medium; of peas, heavy. 

In Bulletin 133, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 189G (p. 
342), additional descriptive notes occur as follows: 

Pea small, oval, white, semitranslucent, resembling rice; vine creeping; 
very vigorous grower ; stem 4 to 8 feet long ; leaves small to medium ; 
matures in medium season, with us planted May 1, ripe October 10; yield 
of vines moderate, of seeds heavy. The table quality of this pea is con- 
sidered superior to that of any other of the cowpea family. It deserves 
a more extended trial. The Station has a small supply for distribution to 
citizens of the State in spring of 1897. 

Descriptive or agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896; in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1895 ; and in Bulletin 16S, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1907. 

Ross White. — Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 118, Alabama Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1902 (p. 13). 

Running Speckled. — This name is published in the 1908 catalogue of the 
N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga. It is the same variety which has since 
been called Peerless. 

Saddleback. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 182), as follows: 

Recumbent ; leaf and stalk small, but dark green ; form, kidney ; pod 
medium, purplish black ; pea small, with dark red mottles on white 
ground, wrinkled; early; yield light in both peas and vines. 

Descriptive or agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896; in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1900; and in Bulletins 53 (ser. 2), 1898, and 62 (ser. 2), 
1900, Louisiana Experiment Station. 

Sand. — This name appears in the 1908 catalogue of Henry A. Dreer, Philadel- 
phia, Pa., as a synonym of Southern Blackeye. 

Sanjak sasage. — See 4974. 

Sherman's Northern Prolific. — Grown for three years under the designation 
Agrostology 1213 by Mr. C. R. Ball, who reached the conclusion that it is 
identical with Warren's Extra Early. 

Shinney, or Shinny. — A name commonly employed as a synonym of Whip- 
poorwill. The first reference in literature seems to be in Transactions of the 
Virginia State Agricultural Society, 1853 (vol. 1, p. 173), as follows: 

Most valuable variety ; a speckled pea ; may be a cross between the 
Gray or Clay pea and the Blackeye. Very prolific, yielding on favorite 
soil, with good seasons, as much as fifty to one. Produces very heavy 
crop of vines. Matures early and continues to bear until frost. The pea 
is large and heavy, of delicate flavor, and excellent on the table. Hogs 
prefer it to the Tory, or Bass. Will not bear exposure to the winter; 
liable to mold and sprout after prolonged wet, followed by warm weather ; 
however, equally hardy with the Gray or Clay pea and other varieties. 
Will not bear exposure to the winter like the Tory, or Bass, and the 
Black. 

229 



64 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Euffin. Essays aud Notes on Agriculture. 1S55 ( p. 353), writes: 

The mottled or Shinney pea, which has been so much celebrated in latter 
years, differs in some respects from all others. The seeds are of a light- 
brownish color, thickly streaked or mottled with a deeper brown. It is 
deemed by farmers who have tried it longer and more fully than myself, 
to be one of the heaviest vine bearers, and also by far the most productive 
in grain. Mr. Robert Chisolm, of Beaufort. S. C, in 1860, first brought 
this pea into general notice. This gentleman, whose intelligence and 
observation deserve all respect, made careful comparisons both by observa- 
tion and by weighings of this with other then most valued kinds of pea, 
and reported of them as follows, in the American Farmer, of May, lsM : 
" From the few seeds first obtained and planted in the spring, he gathered 
the earliest ripe seeds, and sowed them again in July, along with the 
cowpea (or buff?) obtained from four different localities, a red pea 
(called Chickasaw) said to be very productive, and also another favorite 
early pea. The products of seeds were not measured: but, to the eye. 
there was no doubt as to the superior production of the Shinney pea." 
[An accurate experiment is quoted showing a greater weight for the 
Shinney.] It is probable that the much greater weight of the pods of 
the Shinney was in some measure increased by the greater thickness of 
the covering hulls of this variety. Still there must have been also an 
important increase of the grain alone. This mottled or Shinney pea I 
saw in Pendleton, S. C, in 1843, and heard it recommended as a valuable 
kind by different farmers. One of them was the Hon. John C. Calhoun, 
who gave me a supply of seed. After some years' trial and of comparison 
by the eye of this with various other kinds, I abandoned the mottled pea 
for some of its peculiarities which recommended it to other persons. 
These were, first, the long lime of successive ripening of the pods, requiring 
different times of gathering, and slow work: and second, the difficulty 
of beating out the seed, from the hard, tough, and closely joined hulls. But 
neither these nor any other objections counterbalance the greater produc- 
tiveness of the mottled pea — which quality I did not test by measurement, 
and therefore did not suspect. I found the mottled pea began to ripen (it 
does not cease until killed by frost) soon after the Blackeye, and the 
pods were mostly ripe on August 26. * * * The green-eye white pea 
ripened next in order — the buff for cow) next — two kinds of black peas 
(large and small grain) next, and last a red pea (probably the Bass) 
obtained from North Carolina. * * * The buff, both the blacks, and the 
red pea all exceeded the mottled in general growth of vine and leaf. It 
was also noted as a peculiar value found in the mottled pea. that the 
vines were pulled up. still green and full of leaves, after most of the 
pods were ripe and were thus cured for hay. 

See also quotation from American Agriculturist, on page 36 of this bulletin. 
The name has not been much used in experiment station publications. As 
used in Bulletin 26. Georgia Experiment Station. 1S94, it is for a black-seeded 
variety. (See citations under name Forage.) The "Shinney" described in 
Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1S96, is probably the 
same as the last mentioned. 

Shrimp. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station. 1S94 i p. 1S3), 
as follows : 

Semirecnmbent : small, light-green leaf and stalk : trails slightly at ends 
of vines : blossom, light purple : form, kidney : pod. small, yellow : pea, 
small, clear pink: very late; yield of vines, medium: of peas, very light. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. 1S96, and in Bulletin 46. Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. 

sir-Oaks Field. — See quotation on page 36. 

Slctli-Day. — See 17386. Agronomic notes published in Bulletin of the North 
Carolina Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31.no. 6). Mr. G. T. Bulloch. 
Rocky Mount. N. C, writes as follows : 

I find after much inquiry that the Sixty-Day pea has been a distinct 
variety in this locality for 25 years. How and where it originated is 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VAKIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



65 



unknown to the oldest settlers here. Until recent years this pea was grown 
only in small plots for table use, and think this is the reason it does not do 
so well broadcast. 

Small Black. — Under this name agronomic notes occur in Ruffin's Essays and 
Notes on Agriculture, 1855 (p. 355), in Bulletin 118, Alabama Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1902 ; in Annual Report, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1905 (p. 370) ; and in Bulletin of the North Carolina Department of 
Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

Small Blackeye. — Descriptive notes in Bulletin 84, Mississippi Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1904, as follows : " Bunch variety, small seed, medium 
bearer, very early." Agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin of the North 
Carolina Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

Small Lady. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 183), as follows: 

Recumbent, trails at ends of vines; leaf and stalk small, but vigorous; 
pure white blossom; form, crowder; pod, very small, yellow; pea, very 
small, round, and white; may be a retrograded Sugar Crowder, though 
smaller and much earlier ; yield of vines heavy, but of peas light. 

Descriptive notes also occur in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1895, and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1896. Agronomic notes appear in Bulletin of the North Carolina Department 
of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

Small Red. — Descriptive notes appear in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1895 (p. 583), as follows: 

Small Red, or Tory. — Vine of medium growth, running low and near the 
ground ; first ripe September 8 ; pods, long, well filled, with small, red peas ; 
yield per acre, 16 bushels ; sown May 11. 

Descriptive notes occur also in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1896. 

Small White. — Described in Bulletin 40 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion. 1896 (p. 1459), as follows: "Very late, small, white pea, with small yield 
of vines and berries." Agronomic notes also occur in Bulletins (ser. 2) Loui- 
siana Experiment Station 62 (1900) and 72 (1902). Descriptive and agronomic 
notes appear in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 
Under the same name a variety is mentioned in Romans's Natural History of 
East and West Florida, published in 1775. 

Small White India. — Agronomic notes under this name are published in Bul- 
letin of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

Smallpox— See 24185. 

Smiley. — A synonym of Iron. The name is thus published by Orton in an 
unnumbered pamphlet on the Iron cowpea, issued by the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, January 16, 1904. 

Smith. — Agronomic notes under this name are published in Bulletin 40, Mis- 
sissippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896. 

Smith's No. 4- — Agronomic notes under this name are published in Bulletin 
62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Station, 1900. This and other varieties bear- 
ing the name Smith were originally obtained from Mr. Pinckney Smith, of 
Duncan, S. C, who had in his collection about 40 different varieties in the 
year 1900. 

Smith's No. 7. — Described as follows in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1894 (p. 183) : 

Recumbent ; medium-sized leaf and stalk ; dark green and vigorous ; does 
not trail at ends of vines; pure white bloom; form, kidney; pod, small, 
yellow; pea, medium. Originated by Pinckney Smith, Duncan, S. C. 

2968°— Bui. 229—12- 5 



66 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Smith's No. 9. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 1S3), as follows: 

Recumbent; short stalks; medium-sized leaf; blossom purple; form, 
kidney; pod, medium, yellow; pea, large, white; yield medium in both peas 
and vines. — Pinckney Smith. 

Agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2). Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1900. 

Smith's Xo. JJf. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 183), as follows: 

Recumbent; trails slightly at ends of vines; moderate-sized leaf and 
stalk; medium green tint; blossom purple: form, crowder ; pod, small, 
yellow; pea, small, white; very late; medium producer of both peas and 
vines. — Pinckney Smith. 

Agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1900. 

Smith's No. 15. — Described in Bulletin 26. Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 183), as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; does not trail at ends of vines: small leaf and stalk: 
dark-green tint; vigorous; bloom, white: form, kidney; pod, large, yellow; 
pea, medium, white; medium early; yield of vines, medium: of peas, light. 
Mr. Smith thought this the Rice pea, but it is entirely different. 

Southdown. — This name seems to have been published in the 1902 catalogue 
of T. W. Wood &i Sons, of Richmond, Va. See 17339. Agronomic notes occur in 
Bulletins 83 and 84, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1904: in Cir- 
cular 69, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. 1903; Bulletin 130, Pennsyl- 
vania Department of Agriculture, 1904; and in Bulletin of the North Carolina 
Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31. no. 6). 

Southdown Mottled. — Same as Southdown. 

Southdown. — This name seems to have been published in the 1902 catalogue 
in general. It has sometimes been given to special varieties. (See 4316.) 
Agronomic notes concerning this were published by Orton in Bulletin 17, Bu- 
reau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1902 (p. 19). and in Bulletin 
149, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903. 

Southern Blackeye. — This name appears in the 1908 catalogue of Henry A. 
Dreer, Philadelphia, Pa. Agronomic notes under the same name have been 
published in Bulletin 168, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 1907 ; and 
in Bulletin 57, New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. 1898. 

Southern Whippoorwill. — Probably the same as Whippoorwill. This name 
appears in the 1892 catalogue of William Henry Maule, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Southern Yelloweye. — Agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 57, New Hampshire 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1898, and in Bulletin 168, Virginia Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1907. Samples of this variety received in 1903, under 
Agrostology 1494, show a small-seeded Browneye. 

Speckled. — A name very commonly employed as a synonym of Whippoorwill. 
Descriptive and agronomic notes under this name appear in the following pub- 
lications : 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1890 (p. 131). 
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 11, 1890. 
Louisiana Experiment Station, Bulletins (ser. 2) 28 (1894), 40 (1896), 
and 72 (1902). 

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 98, 1894. 
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 34, 1895. 
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 40, 1896. 

229 




NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 67 



Speckled Crowder. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station 
1894 (p. 183), as follows: 

Recumbent, lies quite flat; small leaf and stalks of light-green tint; 
blossoms, purple; they close very early in the morning; form, of course, 
crowder ; pod, medium, yellow ; pea, large, with brown speckles on gray 
ground ; very late ; yield of vines, very light ; of peas, heavy. 

Descriptive or agronomic notes under the same name appear in Bulletin 40, 
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896 ; in Bulletin 46, Delaware 
College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana 
Experiment Station, 1900 ; and in Annual Report, Arkansas Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, 1890 (p. 131). 

Speckled Java. — See quotation on page 36. Probably the same as Taylor. 
See 17412. 

Speckled Rio. — A name locally used in parts of South Carolina for the Brab- 
ham. 

Speckled Whippoorwill. — Probably the same as Whippoorwill. See quotation 
on page 36. 

Speth. — Agronomic notes under this name are given in Bulletin 23, Georgia 
Experiment Station, 1893 (p. 105). No other information concerning this 
variety has been obtainable. 

Sport.— See 17427. 

Stetvart. — Described in Bulletin 98, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment 
Station. 1894 (p. 142), as follows: 

Seeds blotched brown and white ; grew fairly, herbage rather scant ; 
pods ripened after Whippoorwill. 

Agronomic notes also occur in Annual Report, Delaware College Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1892 (p. 32), and in Bulletin 61, Cornell University Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1893 (p. 335). 

Sugar. — This name is mentioned in the Farmers' Register, 1835 (vol. 2, p. 
752). See citation under "Indian." The name also appears with descriptive 
notes in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896, as fol- 
lows : "Spherical; white; small seed; half trailing; late." 

Sugar Crowder. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 
1894 (p. 183), as follows: 

Recumbent ; small leaf and stalk ; medium green ; twists and trails at 
ends of vines ; blossom — wings white, vexillum purple ; form, crowder ; pod, 
small, yellow; pea, small, white; quality, rich and sweet; the best table 
pea of all — so superior that birds will select it from all the other va- 
rieties ; very late ; yield of vines, light ; of peas, heavy. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also occur in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. Agronomic notes appear in Bulletin 28 
(ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Station, 1894: See also citation from the 
American Agriculturist on page 36. 

Stranger. — Mentioned in the Agricultural Gazette, New South Wales, Octo- 
ber 2, 1906, as " a promising new variety." The seeds are buff-and-white 
blotched. 

Taylor.— See 17342. 

Taylor's Prolific. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 
1894 (p. 183), as follows: 

Semirecumbent ; small leaf and stalk; dark green and pretty: twists, 
but does not trail at ends of vines ; pure white blossom ; form, kidney ; pod, 
medium, yellow ; pea, medium, white ; yield of vines, light ; of peas, medium. 

229 



68 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



According to additional notes by Mr. C. R. Ball, the seed sample represented a 
medium-sized, short, kidney-shaped Blackeye. Descriptive and agronomic notes 
also occur in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1900. 

Tennessee Crowder. — Descriptive and agronomic notes of this variety appear 
in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900, as 
follows : 

Very early; a rather light vine, inclined to run some: pods borne on long 
stems, standing well above the vines ; heavy yielder of peas with a fair 
weight of vine. Its chief merit is its earliness. 

Three Crop. — See citation from Transactions of the Virginia State Agricul- 
tural Society, 1853, on page 36. 

Torg. — This name is published in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, 1895 (p. 583), where it is said to be a synonym of Everlasting. 
The name also appears with brief descriptive and agronomic notes in Bulletin 
40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Staton, 1896. 

Tory. — For early use of this name, see quotations from Farmers' Register, 
1835, on page 35 ; from Transactions of the Virginia State Agricultural So- 
ciety, 1853, under " Red " ; and Ruffin, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 
1855, on page 36. Under this name descriptive and agronomic notes have aiso 
been published in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1895: 
in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Staton, 1896; and in Bul- 
letin 146, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1897. 

Toivnsend,— See 26844. 

Tribus. — See quotation from Transactions of the Virginia State Agricultural 

Society. 1853, on page 36. 
Tsai don.— See 22902. 
Turney's Bl a el-eye. — See 22050. 

Two Crop. — This is briefly described in the 1910 catalogue of the Crenshaw 
Bros. Seed Co.. Tampa, Fla. The name was apparently first published in 
the Industrialist, Kansas State Agricultural College. 1902 (vol. 28, p. 462), the 
seed color not being given. See 29291. 

Unknown,— See 13468 and 27545. 

Unknown Black— See 27549. 

Upright.— See 21934. 

Vacuum, — This was first described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1894 (p. 183), as follows: 

Recumbent, short stems: small leaf, light to medium green; blossom, 
purple : form, kidney ; pod, large, yellow, but with vacancies at intervals 
unfilled with peas — hence its name ; pea, large, white, wrinkled : very early ; 
yield of vines, very light; of peas, medium. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also appear in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1896; and in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experi- 
ment Station, 1902. 

Volunteer— See 22054. 

Warren— See 11236. 

Warren's Extra Early. — This varietal name seems to have been first pub- 
lished by William Henry Maule, Philadelphia. Pa., in the catalogue of 1899. 
It is there said to be the earliest of all varieties. Agronomic notes on it 
have been published by many of the experiment stations, as follows: 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletins 70 (1901) and SO 
(1903). 

Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Circular 69, 1903. 
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 130, 1904. 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



69 



New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1905 (p. 
368). 

South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 103 (1905) 
and 123 (1906). 

Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 73, 1906. 

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 168, 1907. 

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 74, 1907. 

Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 81, 1908. 

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 160, 1909. 

North Carolina Department of Agriculture Bulletin, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

See also 17352. 

Warren's Extra Early X Sugar Growder. — See 17422. Agronomic notes pub- 
lished in Bulletin 81, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908. 

Warren's New Hybrid. — This name was apparently first published by William 
Henry Maule, Philadelphia, Pa., in the seed catalogue for 1901, and is there 
said to be three weeks earlier than Warren's Extra Early. Under this name 
agronomic notes have been published by the following experiment stations: 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 70 (1901) and 80 
(1903). 

Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 69, 1903. 
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 130, 1904. 
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins 103 (1905) 
and 123 (1906). 

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1905 (p. 
368). 

Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 73, 1906. 
Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 81, 1908. 
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 160, 1909. 
North Carolina Department of Agriculture Bulletin, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

See also 17345. 
Watson's Hybrid. — See 17425. 
Whippoonoill. — See 17349. 
Whippoorwill Crowder. — See 17371. 
Whippoorwill Saddleback. — See 17409. 

White. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 (p. 184), 
as follows : 

Recumbent ; small leaf and stalk, medium green ; trails at ends of vines ; 
white blossom ; form, kidney ; pod, medium, yellow ; pea, very small, white ; 
medium early ; yield of vines, heavy ; of peas, very heavy. 

The original seed samples, according to Mr. C. R. Ball, represented a small to 
medium-sized, rather broad Blackeye. Under the same name descriptive and 
agronomic notes are published in The Cowpea, issued by the North Carolina 
State Horticultural Society. 

White and Broicn Speckled. — Described in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1895 (p. 584), as follows: 

White and Brown Speckled. — A brown-and-yellow speckled variety. Vine 
made a moderate growth, erect and bunched; first ripe August 20; pods 
long and well filled with peas of medium size; yield per acre, 14.4 bushels; 
sown May 11. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes occur in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1896. 

White Blackeye. — Agronomic notes under this name appear in bulletins 
(ser. 2) of the Louisiana Experiment Station, Nos. 28 (1894) and 62 (1900). 

White Browneye. — Agronomic notes under this name appear in Bulletin 118, 
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. 

229 



70 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



White Brown-Hull. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 
1894, as follows : 

Recumbent ; small leaf and stalk, but dark green and vigorous ; blossom — 
wings white, vexillum purple; form, kidney; pod, medium, dark brown or 
black; pea, medium, white; medium early; very heavy producer of both 
vines and peas. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes appear in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1896. 

White Croicder. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 184), as follows: 

Recumbent; small, light-green leaf and stalk; trails at ends of vines; 
blossom — wings white, vexillum purple; form, crowder; pod, medium, yel- 
low; pea, large, white, and very ugly, but of excellent quality — richer than 
Sugar Crowder and almost as sweet; yield of peas, however, light, and of 
vines, very light; late. 

The name was early published in the American Agriculturist, 1876. (See cita- 
tion on page 36.) It was still earlier published by Romans in his Natural His- 
tory of East and West Florida, 1775. Descriptive and agronomic notes appear 
in Bulletin 34, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1895; in Buleltin 40, 
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station. 1896; in Bulletin 46, Delaware 
College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; and in Report, Kansas State 
Board of Agriculture, 1900 (p. 504). 

White Era. — Name published with agronomic notes in Bulletin 74, Okla- 
homa Agricultural Experiment Station, 1907. According to Prof. L. A. Moor- 
house, the variety was the New Era and the published name apparently due to 
an error. 

White Florida. — Descriptive and agronomic notes of this name appear in 
Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900. 

White Giant. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, 1894 
(p. 184), as follows : 

Recumbent; does not trail at ends of vines; short stalk; leaf medium in 
size and medium green in tint; blossom — wings white, vexillum purple; 
form, kidney; pod, large and long, yellow; pea, very large, white, wrinkled; 
very early ; yield in vines, very light ; in peas, light. 

Under the same name agronomic notes appear in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1896 ; in Bulletin 46, Delaware College Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station, 1900; in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment 
Station, 1900; and in Bulletins 118 and 120, Alabama Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1902. See also 17366 and 29299. 

White Grayeye. — A variety is advertised under this name in the 1907 cata- 
logue of the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birmingham, Ala. 

White Lady. — This name with descriptive and agronomic notes is mentioned 
in Annual Report, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1890. Appar- 
ently the same as Lady. 

White Prolific. — Variety with black-eyed white seeds concerning which de- 
scriptive and agronomic notes are published in bulletins of the Louisiana 
Experiment Station, Nos. 22 and 27 (1889), and (ser. 2) Nos. 8 (1891), 16 
(1892), and 17 (1892), and in Annual Report, Kansas Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1888 (p. 63). 

White Sugar. — This name appears in Bulletin 19 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experi- 
ment Station, 1892 (p. 541). Said to be a white pea of excellent table qualities 
but of no value as a forage plant. 

White Taole. — See citation from the American Agriculturist on page 36. 
Agronomic notes are also published in Bulletin 11, Minnesota Agricultural Ex- 
229 



NAMES APPLIED TO VARIETIES OF COWPEAS. 



71 



periment Station, 1890; and the name appears in Bulletin 98, Kentucky Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1902 (p. 46). 

Whittle. — Same as Taylor. According to Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, 
N. C, this variety is there generally known as the " Whitley," instead of 
Whittle. The latter name is applied to it, according to Dr. B. W. Kilgore, 
by a man who grows it near Raleigh, N. C. 

Wight Black Crowder.— See 17372. 

Wild Goose. — A name published in Bulletin 77, Arkansas Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station. 1903 (p. 31). 

Williams. — Under this name descriptive and agronomic notes appear in 
Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 1S96 ; and in "The 
Cowpea," published by the North Carolina State Horticultural Society. Prob- 
ably the same as Williams Hybrid. 

Williams Hybrid. — Described in Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station. 
1S94 (p. 1S4), as follows: 

Trailer; very flat and close to ground in habit; small leaf and stem, but 
vigorous, though light green ; pure white blossom ; form, crowder ; pod, me- 
dium, yellow ; pea, medium, light-brown mottles on white ground ; late ; 
yield of vines, light; of peas, heavy. 

Descriptive and agronomic notes also appear in Bulletin 46, Delaware College 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Ex- 
periment Station, 1900 ; and in Bulletin 40, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 1S96. 

Wonder. — This name appears without description in Bulletin 57. New Hamp- 
shire Agricultural Experiment Station, 1898; and in Bulletin 199, Michigan Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1902. Perhaps an abbreviation of Wonderful. 

Wonderful. — Same as Unknown. See 13468 and 27545. 

Woods Wonderf ul. — This name appears in Bulletin 146, North Carolina Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1897 (p. 251). Apparently the name of the seeds- 
man from whom the variety was obtained was prefixed. 

Yeatman. — See citation from the Farmers' Register on page 35. 

Yard Long. — One of the common names given to the asparagus bean. 

Yelloio Cow. — See sitation from the American Agriculturist on page 36. 

Yellow Crowder. — Agronomic notes under this name appear in Bulletin 11, 
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1890 ; in Bulletin 118, Alabama Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 1902; and in Report, Kansas State Board of Agri- 
culture, 1900 (p. 504). The name was still earlier referred to in the American 
Agriculturist. See citation on page 36. 

Yellow-Eye. — This name is commonly used as a synonym of Browneye. De- 
scriptive and agronomic notes under this name appear in the Annual Report, 
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1890, (p. 131) ; and agronomic notes 
in Report, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, 1900 (p. 504). The name also 
appears in catalogues of various seedsmen. 

Yellow Pod. — This name appears in the 1896 catalogue of the N. L. Willet 
Seed Co.. Augusta, Ga. 

Yellow Prolific. — This name is published in Bulletin 61, Cornell University 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 3893 (p. 335). 

Yellow Sugar. — Perhaps the same as Yellow Sugar Crowder. The name 
appears in Bulletin 160, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909. 

Yellow Sugar Crowder. — Agronomic notes under this name appear in Bulletin 
118, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902; in Bulletin 81, Delaware 
College Agricultural Experiment Station, 1908; and in Bulletin of the North 
Carolina Department of Agriculture, 1910 (vol. 31, no. 6). 

Yoliom. — See citation from the Farmers' Register on page 35. 

229 



72 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



SYNOPSIS OF VARIETIES BY SEED COLORS. 

The following brief synopsis will indicate the relative abundance 
of varieties in each seed color and aid in their identification. They 
may be classified into 12 groups by seed color, namely, white, 
yellowish, bufT, pink, maroon, violet, smoky gray, brown, black, 
marbled, speckled, and marbled-speckled. Where the whole seed is 
not uniformly colored, the ground color is nearly always white, and 
the two-colored seeds may be eyed, blotched, or whitened, the last 
including those which are white only at the chalazal end. Cowpeas, 
but not catjangs and asparagus beans, may also be grouped into 
crowders and noncrowders. 

The number of varieties is very large and their differences rela- 
tively small. The identification of any particular variety is, there- 
fore, often a difficult matter, in many cases determinable only by com- 
parative cultures. Furthermore, artificial hybrids are not difficult to 
obtain, and in some places natural lwbrids are abundant. On these 
accounts no key to the varieties has been attempted. The descriptions 
will indicate the range of characters that occur in the varieties that 
have been brought together. From the best of these varieties numer- 
ous hybrids, involving in some cases new color combinations in the 
seeds, have been made by Mr. G. W. Oliver. 

White-seeded varieties. — In this group the entire seed is white 
except the sides of the hilum and sometimes the iris. Five varieties 
are described as having white seeds, namely, Lady (17359), Cream 
(17693), 21813, Rice (29300), and 29308. 

It is probable that the number of varieties is considerably greater, 
especially as 17359, 29300, and the variety called Conch in Florida 
all have similar seeds. They are valued principally for table use. 
No pure white-seeded asparagus beans or catjangs are known to 
occur. 

Yellowish-seeded varieties. — Four varieties are here included, 
namely, Old Man 17354, 17354A, differing only in having a speckled 
eye, Yellow Sugar Crowder 17394 and 17422, a hybrid with the last 
mentioned as one parent. None are particularly desirable, except, 
perhaps, for table use. All are cowpeas. 

Buff -seeded varieties. — Buff is the commonest seed color in cowpeas 
and catjangs, and is nearly as common in asparagus beans. Indeed, 
the great number and close similarity of the varieties make them 
difficult even to distinguish, aside from describing them. 

Buff crowder cowpeas include Michigan Favorite 13472, Brown 
Crowder 17370, Mountain Crowder 29288 and 22053. Among other 
buff cowpeas are Iron 8418, Unknown 13468, Unknown 27545, Clay 
17340, Warren's New Hybrid 17345, Melear 17383, Sixty-Day 17386, 
Powell's Early Prolific 17392, Purple-Podded Clay 18519A, Clay 

229 



SYNOPSIS OF VARIETIES BY SEED COLORS. 



73 



Self-Seeding 22724, Wild Louisiana 17405, 21296A, 21509A, 21538, 
22054, 22723, 22960, 23524, 23721, 24186, 24341D, 24566B, 25965, 
25965B, 26302, 27199, 27503, 27586, 29282, 29287, 29301, and 29306. 
The varieties with buff-eyed seeds are also numerous, and include 
Browneye Crowder 17348 and many varieties that go as " Browneye," 
among them 16167, 17341, 17390, 17855, 21539C, 22408, 22760, 24192, 
23307D, 24566, 25016A, 25147, Townsend 26844, and 25857. Several 
varieties have buff- and- white blotched seeds, including Southdown 
17339, 21296B, 22728, and 29281. One variety, 21816, has seeds all 
buff but the chalazal end. 

Buff catjangs are quite as numerous in varieties as buff cowpeas 
and include 8687, 11075, 17377, 21292, 21293, 21294, 21535A, 21602, 
21934, 25714, 26580, 29271, and 29279. Buff-eyed catjangs are repre- 
sented by 17376, 21295, 21296, 21535, 21565A, 22758, 26362, and 29272. 
Two varieties, 21535B and 21295D, have buff-blotched seeds. 

In asparagus beans buff-colored seeds occur in 21559, 21559C, 
21559D, 21569B, 22747B, and 27887. 

Pink-seeded varieties. — Included under this group is a range of 
colors from vinaceous to brick-red. When the peas are aged these 
colors darken so that they are very difficult to distinguish from ma- 
roon. This is a common color in catjangs and asparagus beans as 
well as cowpeas. Cowpeas with the seeds wholly pink are 17328, 
17405D, 17405G, 20980B, 21509, 21561, 22635, 25146, 29278, 29290, 
and 29283, and pink with the chalazal end white 17856, 23307A, 
24186A, and 29303. 

Pink asparagus beans include 11091, 20005, 21558, 22648A, 22902. 
22935, 23214, and 25148. No. 25149 has the seeds white blotched 
with pink and 23328 has only the chalazal end white. 

Catjang 21293B has its seeds pink-and- white blotched, and the 
following have the seeds wholly pink : 17380, 21293A, 21296A, 21563, 
21564, 21565, 21603, 21792, 22888, 25144, and 29275. 

Maroon-seeded varieties. — Maroon color occurs in cowpeas, not oc- 
curring, however, in catjangs or asparagus beans, though in both 
these there are colors closely approximating maroon. American 
cowpeas with kidney-shaped maroon seeds are commonly called Red 
Ripper, but there are at least eight varieties with these character- 
istics. Seeds with this color include Red Ripper 17350, Red 
Crowder 17361, 17405E, 17420A, 21539A, 22722, 22959, 24341B, 24919, 
Early Red 25088, 25145, 25512C, 26403, Red Yellowhull 29286, 29289, 
and 29307. Among maroon-eyed varieties are 21793 and 29293, and 
among maroon-blotched 18617, 21539, 21539B, 22887, 22903, 23307B, 
29297, and 29298. 

Violet-seeded varieties. — Violet as here used is undoubtedly only 
diluted black, or more accurately the black of cowpeas is really 

229 



74 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



intense violet, as may be seen in extracted solutions of the color as 
well as in immature seeds. Seven cowpea varieties have their seeds 
wholly or more or less clouded with violet, namely 21006, 
22930, 24341C, 25965D, and 29277. All of these except the first are 
from South Africa, and all but the last very vigorous, late, procum- 
bent sorts. One variety 21006A has its seeds violet and finely 
speckled with blue. 20980C has violet-eyed seeds and 2098OD has 
violet -blotched seeds. All are coAvpeas. 

Smoky-gray seeded varieties. — Only two scarcely distinguishable 
cowpea varieties have seed coloration described as smoky gray. Wat- 
son 17425 and Sport 17427, neither of much value. This color ap- 
pears in hybrids of Black and Blackeye. The same color has been 
observed in catjang seeds, but they were not viable. 

Brown-seeded varieties. — Four varieties have their seeds burnt 
umber in color, namely, Brown Coffee 17404, 17398A, 25512B, and 

29284. The first three are closely similar and of moderate value. 
Asparagus bean 22648 has seeds of walnut-brown color. 

Black-seeded varieties. — Black-seeded varieties are but little less 
numerous than buff-seeded. This color also occurs in all three 
species. Among cowpeas the following black-seeded ones are 
crowders: Black Crowder 22052, Wight Black Crowder 17372 and 

29285. Noncrowders include Chinese Black 16796, Early Black 
17336, 17405F, 20980A, 21508, 21511, 21817, 22718B, 26399, 27549, 
29292, and 29302. 

Black-eyed varieties are also abundant and as a rule they are 
very similar to each other. Among them are 16167A, 17329, 17335, 
17346, 17366, Blackeyed Lady 17420, 20980, 21297, 21510, 21537, 
21815, 22050, 22382, 24190, 24191, 24566A, 25016. 27504, 27548, 29276, 
and 29299. Black-eyed varieties have always been grown as a table 
vegetable since ancient times, which accounts to some extent for the 
numerous very similar varieties. With black-blotched seeds are 
Holstein 17327, 21297A, 24188, 24566C, 29280, and 29309. 

Black catjangs are not numerous, only three varieties, 21295C, 
21297E, and 27502, having been obtained. Two others, 21293D and 
21295F, have black-blotched seeds. 

Asparagus beans have black seeds in four varieties, 6311. 6567, 
17332, and 20006. One variety grown only a single season, 01422A, 
has black-blotched seeds. 

Marbled-seeded varieties. — The marbled type of coloration, repre- 
sented by the well known Whippoorwill, occurs in catjangs and as- 
paragus beans as well as in cowpeas. Among the cowpeas in this 
group with the seed wholly marbled are Whippoorwill 17349, Whip- 
poorwill Crowder 17371, Red Whippoorwill 17374, Brabham 21599, 
Peerless 25314, Chinese Whippoorwill 17330, 17849, 21085, 23307, 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



75 



and 24185, and unnamed sorts 21814, 25369, 25512D, and 25786A; 
with only the eye marbled, Guernsey 17408 and 29304; with all the 
seed but the chalazal end marbled 17849A and 23307C, the last with 
the ground color red. 

Nearly all of the Whippoorwill on the market is true to type, but 
the seed can scarcely be distinguished from the later Peerless or 
from the very late 25369 and 25512D. 

Catjangs with marbled seeds are 11076, 21295B, 21295G, 21603B, 
29273, and 29274. 

Asparagus beans wholly marbled include 21562, 21569, 22746, and 
22747, and with the chalazal end white, 22747D. 

Speckled-seeded varieties. — The speckled type of coloration occurs 
in cowpeas and catjangs, but is not known in asparagus beans. It is 
most common in varieties from South Africa. Cowpeas with the 
whole seed speckled include New Era 21088, Taylor 17342, Speckled 
Crowder 22051, 21006A, 22931, 22933, 23720, 24341A, 25785, 25786, 
25787, 25965A, and 29296 ; with only the eye speckled Ayrshire 17409, 
17354A, and 22727 ; with the speckled color in blotches 17363, 22715. 
and 29293. 

Catjangs with speckled seeds are 11076A and 21297D. 

Marbled and speckled seeded varieties. — This type of coloration 
occurs fixed in two cowpeas, Groit 17334, a cross between Whippoor- 
will and New Era, and 29295, a cross between Whippoorwill and 
Taylor Crowder; also in catjang 11076B. 

It has also been found heterozygote in three other catjangs, m each 
case the progeny including plants with marbled and with speckled 
seeds. 

CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 

The following is a complete list of the varieties of cowpeas, cat- 
jangs, and asparagus beans secured through the Office of Seed and 
Plant Introduction, arranged chronologically according to their 
S. P. I. numbers. For a good many of the early numbers no critical 
varietal notes are available, so their identity is not certain. In many 
cases other varieties were found mixed in the original seed or in 
the field plats. Such are indicated by the S. P. I. number with a 
letter added, thus, 17396A. Many additional lots were given tem- 
porary numbers. All such begin with 0, thus 0424. The catjang 
and asparagus beans are named in each case. All others are cowpeas. 

The descriptions are based mainly on the cultures at Arlington 
Experimental Farm, in 1909 and 1910, though most of the varieties 
have been grown from three to five years. In the former year they 
were planted June 17 and 18, in the latter June 20 and 21. 

229 



76 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



The year 1909 was an exceptionally dry year, very little rain fall- 
ing from the time the varieties were planted until September 23; 
consequently the plants were below normal size, though they showed 
no other suffering from the drought. The season of 1910 was more 
favorable, though drier than normal. The varieties generally grew 
about one-fourth larger than in 1909. 

In 1910 about 450 lots of seed from American sources were grown. 
Some few of these proved to be very distinct varieties, and the more 
interesting are mentioned or described. Others which differed only 
in minor points are referred to in only a general way. 

2080. From France, 1899. Seeds maroon. An original seed sample shows a 

mixture of three varieties, two of them cowpeas and one an aspara- 
gus bean. 

Very strong grower ; leaves large, smooth, and shiny : pods not 
very numerous, 6 to 8 inches long. — W. R. Beattie. Arlington 

Farm, 1900. 

2081. " Tonquin bean." From France, 1899. Origina seeds oblong, small, 

4 by 5 to 6 mm.: white with a small, indistinct, grayish eye: not 
matched by any later number. 

Very dwarf ; leaves very small ; pods numerous and ripening very 
early. — W. R. Beattie, Arlington Farm, 1900. 

2082. Blackeyed Bird\s-Foot. From France, 1899. Original seeds subreniform, 

smooth, 5 by 7 mm. ; white with a small black eye. About half of 
the seeds have a larger maroon eye. 

Very strong grower; leaves large; pods very numerous, 5 to 8 
inches long. — W. R. Beattie, Arlington Farm. 1900. 

2932. From Panama, 1899, under the name "Colorado." (Pale brovrn.) Origi- 
nal seeds buff, half crowder, 6 by 8 mm. 

Has most vigorous growth of any, and continued green until 
killed bv frost. No pods formed. — ir. R. Beattie, Arlington Farm, 
1900. 

2934. From Panama, 1899, under the name " Morado " (brown). Original seeds 
maroon, rhomboid, 6 by 7 mm. 

Very strong grower, trailing close to the ground. Leaves deep 
green, shiny; pods abundant, 6 to 9 inches long. — TV. R. Beattie, 
Arlington Farm, 1900. 

2940. Asparagus bean. From Panama, 1S99. Original seeds maroon with 
chalazal end white, 6 by 8 to 9 mm. No cultural notes. 

3610. From Smyrna, Asiatic Turkey, 1899. Original seeds plump, transversely 
wrinkled, 6 to 7 by 8 to 10 mm., white with a medium-sized maroon 
eye. About one-fourth of the seeds have black eyes, but are 
otherwise similar to the rest. 

Good grower; leaves large; pods long and numerous; ripens 
late. — W. R. Beattie, Arlington Farm, 1900. 

W. A. Orton 1 records notes of observations at Monetta, S. C, in 
1901, as follows : "An early cowpea, which made a vigorous growth 
in the early part of the season, but was all killed by wilt before 
the end." 



1 Orton, W. A., Bulletin 17, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1902, 
p. 19. 

229 



I 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



77 



3627. From Alashehr, Asiatic Turkey, 1899. Original seeds subreniform, much 
wrinkled, 5 by 7 mm. ; white, with an olive or yellowish iris. 

Moderate grower; very productive; pods 4 to 7 inches long and 
very well filled. — W. R. Beattie, Arlington Farm, 1900. 

W. A. Orton 1 records the following note of observations at 
Monetta, S. C, in 1901 : "An early variety of medium growth and 
quite prolific; quite subject to wilt." 
3670. From Smyrna, Asiatic Turkey, 1899. Original seeds plump, wrinkled, 
subreniform, 5 to 6 by 7 to 8 mm., white, the iris olive yellow. A 
few seeds similar but with maroon eyes are intermixed. 

Rather dwarf and stocky; leaves slightly wrinkled; pods very 
numerous, 4 to 6 inches long, well filled and ripen early. — W. R. 
Beattie, Arlington Farm, 1900. 

W. A. Orton 1 records the following note of observations made at 
Monetta, S. C, in 1901 : "An early sort of larger growth than the 
preceding (3627) and notably more resistant to the wilt disease, 
though not free from, it." 

3889. From Honolulu, 1899, originally from China. Seeds reddish, small, oblong, 
4 by 5 mm. No varietal notes. 

4144. From Naples, Italy, 1899. Seeds oblong, white with maroon eye, 8 by 6 
mm. ; identical with those mixed in 3670. No varietal notes. 

4284. Taylor. From Virginia, 1900. See 17342. 

4315. Wonderful. From North Carolina, 1900. See 17344. 

4316. Southern. From North Carolina, 1900. Has marbled seeds and is appar- 

ently Whippoorwill. 

4317. Black. From North Carolina, 1900. Seeds indistinguishable from 29292. 
4377. From Naples, Italy, 1900. Seeds apparently buff, subreniform, 5 by 7 

mm. No varietal notes. 
4379. From Naples, Italy, 1900. Seeds buff, oblong, 5 by 7 mm. Perhaps the 
same as 4377. 

4381. From Naples, Italy, 1900, under the name Dolichos bahiensis, of which 

no published description can be found. Seeds black, small, 4 by 5 
mm. 

4382. From Naples, Italy, 1900, under the name Dolichos bicontortus. Original 

seeds buff, subreniform, 5 by 7 mm. A few of other sorts inter- 
mixed. No varietal notes. 

4973. Asparagus bean. From Yokohama, Japan, 1900, under the name " Jin- 

roku sasage." Seeds apparently pink, reniform, 6 by 9 mm. 

4974. Asparagus bean. From Yokohama, Japan, 1900, under the name of " San- 

jak sasage." Seeds very similar to the preceding. 
5042. Neiv Era. From Georgia, 1900. See 21088. 

5118. Asparagus bean. From Sinaloa, Mexico, 1900, originally from Asia. 

Seeds black, 5 by 9 to 10 mm. Insufficient varietal notes. 
5222. Asparagus bean. From Sinaloa, Mexico, 1900. The same as 5118; the 

local name given as "Ankok." 

5415. From Calcutta, India, 1900. Seeds pink, oblong, 6 by 8 mm. No varietal 

notes. 

5416. From Calcutta, India, 1900. Seeds subreniform, wrinkled, 5 to 6 by 7 to 8 

mm. ; white, with a medium black eye. No varietal notes. 

1 Orton, W. A., loc. cit. 

229 



78 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



6223. From Negros, Philippine Islands, 1901. Vernacular name " Balatong." 

Seeds marbled like Whippoorwill ; rhomboid, 5 by 7 mm. No 
varietal notes. 

6228. From Negros, Philippine Islands, 1901. Vernacular name " Lestones." 
Seeds buff, subreniform, 5 by 8 mm. No varietal notes. 

6311. Asparagus bean. From Tokyo, Japan, April, 1901, under the name " Black 
Juroku sasage." Plants suberect, half bushy, the row mass 12 to 
18 inches high and as broad; stems rather stout, little inclined to 
vine at the tips; trailing branches few or none; leaflets pale, 
rather narrow, conspicuously angled at the base, much affected by 
rust and by red leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; not prolific ; 
pods pale or a little purplish, little inflated, 8 to 12 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 85 days; seeds reniform, dull black, 
6 by 10 mm. This is the most upright growing of all the varieties 
of asparagus bean tested. The rather small pods and upright 
habit suggest that it may be of hybrid origin. According to Orton 1 
it proved a prolific early variety at Monetta, S. C, 1901, but some- 
what subject to wilt and injured by dry weather. 

6327. From Tokyo, Japan, 1901, under name of " Kurakake." Original seeds 

oblong, 5 by 6 to 7 mm.; white, with black eye. Orton 1 records 
notes for Monetta, S. C, 1901, as follows: "Early and small, but 
fruiting fairly well; pea white with a black eye; badly injured by 
wilt and nematodes." W. R. Beattie (Arlington Farm, 1901) has 
the following observation regarding it : "A very dwarf variety with 
short pods, ripening early and very prolific." 

6328. From Tokyo, Japan, 1901, under name of " Kintohi." Original seeds 

subglobose, maroon with the iris nearly black, 5 by 6 mm. Orton 1 
records Monetta, S. C, 1901, notes as follows: Early; a small, 
prolific variety, with small red seeds ; injured by wilt and dry 
weather. W. R. Beattie (Arlington Farm, 1901), records the fol- 
lowing: More dwarf than 6327, but with longer pods. Early and 
prolific. 

6413. From Pingyang, Chosen (Korea), 1901. Original seeds pink, 6 by 8 mm., 
sharply keeled. Not matched by any later number. 

A very small-growing variety which sets an enormous crop of 
pods, maturing early; pods 6 to 8 inches long. — W. R. Beattie, 
Arlington Farm, 1901. 

6431. From Athens, Greece, 1901. See 17333. 

6557. From Hankow, Hupeh, China, 1901. See 17328. 

6563. From same source as preceding. See 17329. 

6566. From same source as preceding. See 17330. 

6567. Asparagus bean. From same source as preceding. Seeds of this variety 

are black, 6 by 10 mm., with longitudinally impressed striae. The 
only field notes are from San Antonio, Tex., 1904, where it was 
planted March 23 and began to mature pods June 28. " It is a 
vigorous variety, but produced only a few pods." 

6568. Asparagus bean. From same source as preceding. Seeds maroon, some- 

what striate longitudinally, 5 to 6 by 10 mm. This seed failed to 
germinate. 

8354. Asparagus bean. From Morioka, Japan, 1902. See 17332. 



229 



i Orton, W. A., loc. cit. 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



79 



S41S. Iron. From Mr. T. S. Williams, Monetta, S.C., 1901. Half bushy, quite 
viny, vigorous ; the row mass 24 to 28 inches high, 30 to 36 inches 
broad ; trailing branches green, 4 to 5 feet long ; leaflets large, dark, 
plane, immune to rust, very slightly subject to white leaf-spot, but 
sometimes attacked by mildew, held late ; flowers violet-purple ; 
moderately prolific; pods well filled, held medium high, straw 
colored or often purplish, usually rough, 6 to 8 inches long, the 
first maturing in 90 to 100 days; seeds rhomboid, cream buff to 
vinaceous buff, 4 to 6 mm. broad by 7 to 9 mm. long. According 
to Orton 1 the first authentic knowledge of the Iron cowpea was its 
discovery by Mr. T. S. Williams, who found it in Barnwell County, 
S. C, in 1SSS, and later called the attention of the Department of 
Agriculture to it. Seedsmen and others have modified the name 
into such forms as Ironclad, Iron Mountain, and Little Iron. Iron 
volunteers more readily than any other cowpea, being in fact the 
only variety that volunteers at Arlington in abundance. The at- 
tempt was made to increase this tendency by selecting seed from 
such volunteer plants, but with no apparent success. Where the 
seeds are plowed under in the fall a fair stand may result, but 
not if they are simply scattered on the surface. Selection in this 
variety has given no appreciable results. It has been grown under 
many numbers: 11370, 13466, 13462, 13464, 17367, 17391, 17395, 
17396, 17397, 17419, 17423, 17430. 17431, 17433, 17434, 17435, 17436, 
19777, 21S32, 22055, 22391, 27544, and 27872. All but the last six 
are known to be the progeny of seed originally from Monetta, S. C. 
No. 22391 is from Manila, P. L. where it was received from 
Venezuela. It apparently differs in no particular from Iron. No. 
0701, received from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station 
as Early Boolock, is apparently identical with Iron. Iron is 
especially valuable on account of its resistance to wilt and to 
root-knot. On this account it is largely grown where these dis- 
eases prevail, but its excellent qualities are such that it is grown 
over a much wider area also. Its moderate seed yield is its chief 
weakness. 

8498. Progeny of 6311. 

8499. Progeny of 6327. 

8500. Progeny of 6328. 

8501. Progeny of 6413. 

8687. Catjang. From Surat, India, 1902. Vernacular name " Chowali," 
" Chola," or " Choli." Tall, very vigorous, suberect, very viny, the 
row mass 2 to 3 feet high and 4 feet broad ; trailing branches 
many, 4 to 7 feet long; leaflets large, dark, not affected by rust, 
but somewhat subject to red leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; very 
late, not even blooming at Arlington Farm ; pods grown in green- 
house and at Chico, Cal.. straw colored, slender, torulose, thin, 4 
inches long ; seeds buff with a yellow to brown iris, about 3 by 
5 mm., oblong. This variety has been grown at Arlington Farm for 
four seasons with similar results : at Chico, Cal., it has produced 
small crops of pods in about 140 days. The seeds retain their 
viability to a much greater degree than most vignas, some of the 
original seed still germinating over 90 per cent in 1908. This is one 

J Orton, W. A., loc. cit. 

229 



80 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



of the most vigorous of all the catjangs and fairly erect. It has 
been used in making numerous hybrids with the view of combining 
its good characters with those of the best cowpeas. 

11074. Asparagus bean. From Abyssinia, 1904. See 17492. 

11075. Catjang. From Abyssinia, June, 1904. Procumbent, very viny. the row 

mass 12 to 18 inches high, 3 to 4 feet broad ; trailing branches few, 
5 to 6 feet long; leaves not affected by rust or leaf-spot; very late, 
no flowers forming in any of the three years in which it was 
grown ; in greenhouse-grown specimens the flowers were pale 
violet; seeds buff, oblong, with truncate ends, 4 to 5 mm. long. 
This variety has very much the same habit as 11076, from the 
same source. It is too late and prostrate to be of much value. 

11076. Catjang. From Abyssinia, June, 1904. Plants procumbent, vigorous, very 

viny, the row mass 18 to 24 inches high, 4 feet broad, rather dense ; 
trailing branches many, 3 to 6 feet long, very viny, green ; leaflets 
medium sized, pale, free from rust and leaf-spot ; not even bloom- 
ing at Arlington Farm in 1909 in 132 days, nor did it bloom in 
1905, 1907, or 1908. In greenhouse-grown specimens the flowers 
proved to be violet purple in color ; pods small, erect, 3 to A.\ inches 
long; seeds buff, more or less heavily marbled with brown, the 
brown sometimes predominating, oblong, mostly 3 by 4 mm. An 
interesting variety of catjang, but apparently of no value under 
American conditions. (See PI. II.) 

11076A. Catjang. Identical in every way with 11076 excepting as to seeds, 
which are buff, thickly speckled with blue, as in New Era, but of 
the same size and shape as those of 11076. In some cases the 
seeds had irregular splotches of black, and in rare cases one entire 
side of the seed was black. Such proved to be heterozygote. 

11076B. Catjang. Exactly like 11076 in all respects excepting as to seed, these 
being a combination of the markings of 11076 and 11076A, between 
which two it is without doubt a hybrid. The marking is a com- 
bination of the marbling of 11076 and the speckling of 11076A, 
and sometimes with the irregular black splotches which also occur 
in 11076A. Such seeds proved to be heterozygote. When growing 
in the field at Arlington Farm these three varieties can not be 
distinguished. (See PI. II.) 

11090. From Abyssinia, June, 1904. No seeds or data concerning this number 

are preserved. 

11091. Asparagus bean. From Abyssinia. June, 1904. Plant procumbent, very 

viny, the row mass 12 inches high and 24 to 30 inches broad; 
trailing branches 2 to 6 feet long; leaves considerably affected by 
rust ; flowers violet-purple ; prolific ; pods pale, 8 to 12 inches long, 
moderately inflated, the first maturing in about 85 days; seeds 
reddish buff, 5 by 9 mm. An undesirable variety owing to rust 
susceptibility. No. 17493 is the progeny of this number. 

11236. Warren. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1904. 

There are no critical varietal notes on this number, but it is prob- 
ably the same as 17352. Agronomic notes from various cooperators 
indicate that it is an early productive sort, semierect with trailing 
branches 3 to 4 feet long. 

11344. Michigan Favorite. From Mr. E. E. Evans, West Branch, Mich., July. 
1904. See 13472. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 81 
11370. Iron. Progeny of 8418. 

13454. Early Black. From J. M. McCullough's Sous, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1902. See 

17343. 

13455. Large Blackeye. From Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 

March, 1902. See 17355. 

13456. Extra Early Blackeye. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment - Station, 

March, 1902. See 17335. 

13457. California Blackeye. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 

March, 1902. See 17338. 

13458. Clay. From South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. March, 

1902. See 17340. 

13459. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1904, as Clay. The 

available notes on this lot are brief. The seeds seem to be 
identical with Iron. 

13460. Iron. From South Carolina, 1902. See 17430. 

13461. Iron. Progeny of 11370, D wight, Nebr., 1904. 

13462. Iron. Progeny of 11370, Cedartown, Ga., 1904. 

13463. Iron. Progeny of 11370, Willshire, Ohio, 1904. 

13464. Iron. Progeny of 11370, Kentucky and Illinois, 1904. 

13465. Iron. Progeny of 11370, Wakonda, S. Dak. 

13466. Iron. Progeny of 11370, Bridgeton, N. J. 

13467. Iron. Progeny of 11370, Kearney, Kans., 1904. 

The foregoing eight lots were grown in comparison at Arlington 
Farm in 1905, but no difference could be detected. 

13468. From Texas Seed and Floral Co., Dallas, Tex., March, 1902, as Wonderful. 

Different lots of the progeny of this number have been numbered 
17344, 17353, and 17356. Very vigorous, viny, the row mass 2 
feet high, 2\ feet broad; trailing branches medium in number, 3 
to 5 feet long, moderately coarse, green ; leaflets large, dark, 
with undulated surface, immune to rust and but little affected by 
leaf-spot, held late; flowers violet-purple; moderately prolific; 
pods well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 6 to 8 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 90 days; seeds vinaceous buff, 
subreniform, 5 by 8 mm. This variety resembles 17340 closely, 
but is later and larger. Owing to its long culture in the Arlington 
Farm trials it has come to be looked upon as authentic Wonderful 
or Unknown, but this apparently must remain a matter of doubt. 
For a discussion relative to this problem see page 17. See also 
27545. 

13469. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., as Wonderful. No varietal 

notes on this lot. The seeds, which are buff, rhomboid, 7 by 9 to 
10 mm., are not distinguishable from Iron. 

13470. Warren's Extra Early. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- 

tion, March, 1902, but originally from William Henry Maule, 
Philadelphia, Pa. See 17352. 

13471. ^Yarren , s New Hybrid. From Louisiana Experiment Station, March, 

1902. See 17345. 

13472. Michigan Favorite. From Mr. E. E. Evans, West Branch, Mich., May, 

1904. Moderately vigorous, viny, the row mass 14 inches high, 2 
feet broad ; branches medium in number, coarse, 3 to 5 feet long, 
prostrate or nearly so ; leaflets large, dark, shed early, immune 
to rust, but much subject to both red and white leaf-spot ; flowers 
violet-purple; prolific; pods well filled, held low, straw colored or 
2968°— Bui. 229—12 6 



82 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



more or less purplish tinged, 5 to 8 inches long, turgid, the first 
maturing in about 85 days : seeds buff-pink, erowder form, strongly 
keeled, about 7 by 8 mm. This variety has been grown for six 
seasons at Arlington Farm, as well as at Chillieothe, Tex.. Audu- 
bon Park, La., and elsewhere. It is not a first-rate variety, though 
on account of its earliness considerably grown in Illinois, Indiana, 
and Michigan. Like most erowder cowpeas the pods are close to 
the ground. This variety was first extensively introduced by Mr. 
E. E. Evans in 1901. He writes concerning its history : 

I have diligently searched for many years in an attempt to fix 
the origin of this variety, but so far without result. It has been 
grown in this State (Michigan) about 20 years, but it was grown 
in Illinois prior to this. I first obtained my seed from a man 
named Wood, or Woods, near Kalamazoo. This man had named 
it Michigan Favorite. 

Other numbers of this variety, all tracing to the same source, are : 
11344, 13473, 16S12, 17402. and 17406. It has been widely dis- 
seminated and tested in all parts of the cowpea region. Northward 
it is held in considerable esteem, and southward is often grown 
for table use, especially in Texas. 

13473. Michigan Favorite. From same source as preceding. 

13474. Michigan Favorite. Progeny of 11344, grown at Wakonda, S. Dak., by 

Mr. Han Abild. Received March, 1905. 

13475. Whippoorwill. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond. Va.. March. 1902. 

See 17349. 

13476. Taylor. From Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. March. 1902. 

See 17342. 

13477. Xew Era. From T. AY. Wood & Sons. Richmond. Va., April, 1904. See 

210SS. 

14499. From T. W. Wood & Sons. Richmond, Va.. June. 1905. as Wonderful. 
No available data on this lot. 

16166. From Italian exhibit. Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904. labeled 

" Cosenza." Seeds plump, rhomboid. 6 by 10 mm., transversely 
wrinkled, white with a medium black eye, indistinguishable from 
2754S. They would not germinate in 1906. 

16167. From Reggio, Calabria, through the Italian exhibit, Louisiana Purchase 

Exposition, 1904. Low, half busby, moderately vigorous, the row 
mass 14 inches high, 2 feet broad: trailing branches rather few. 
about 4 feet long: leaflets of medium size and color, immune to 
rust, much affected by red leaf-spot, shed early: flowers white: 
not prolific: pods fairly well filled, moderately high, straw col- 
ored. 5 to 10 inches long, the first maturing in about SO days: 
seeds white with a small brownish eye. smooth or transversely 
wrinkled, subreniform. about 6 by 10 mm. : iris dark brown. This 
is one of the earliest varieties of browneye included in the trials. 
In the three seasons grown, there has been a decided change in 
the color of the seed. In the original seeds the eye was very 
large, dark reddish brown, perhaps due to age. the edge uneven 
and breaking into fine spots on the chalazal end. The progeny 
in 190S showed a few seeds of this character, but most of them 
had only a small tan-brown eye. which was sharply delimited : 
in about one-tenth of the seeds the eye was black (16167AL In 
the crop of 1909 the eye is brown in some seeds, black in others. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



83 



and in a few black with a brown margin (these probably heter- 
ozygote). In 1910 both the brown-eyed and black-eyed kinds 
bred true. 

16167 A. Snberect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 14 to 16 
inches high, 18 inches broad; leaves medium sized, free from rust, 
much affected by white leaf-spot and somewhat by red leaf-spot; 
flowers pale violet purple ; moderately prolific ; pods medium well 
filled, held rather low, straw colored, 6 to 84 inches long, the first 
maturing in S5 days; seeds subreniform, 6 by 8 to 9 mm., white 
with a medium-sized black eye. This variety is very similar to 
Early Blackeye 17335, but not quite identical. 

16168. Same source as preceding, labeled " Caserta." Original seeds identical 
with original seeds of 16167. None of them were viable in 1906. 

16229. From Mr. Herman Ockels, Bristol, Conn., 1905. Identical with New 
Era 21088. 

16794. Asparagus bean. From Ffangchow, Chekiang, China, December, 1905. 

Original seeds reddish, reniform, 5 to 6 by 10 mm. No cultural 
notes. 

16795. From same source as 16794. This lot consists of a maroon adsuki bean 

with a few small maroon cowpeas intermixed. There are no cul- 
tural notes on the latter. 

16796. Chinese Black. From same source as 16794. Half bushy, vining but 

little, the row forming a mass 18 to 24 inches high, 24 to 30 
inches broad; trailing branches 2 to 4 feet long; leaflets shed 
early, much affected by rust ; flowers violet purple ; fairly prolific ; 
pods held rather low, not well filled, 5 to 8 inches long, straw col- 
ored, the first maturing in 70 to 75 days ; seeds black, variable, 5 to 
6 by 6 to 9 mm. An undesirable variety on account of its suscepti- 
bility to rust. The same variety has been received as 22647, also 
from Hangchow. and 24189, from Soochow, Kiangsu, China. Ex- 
cepting for susceptibility to rust, these numbers hardly differ from 
Early Black 17336. 

16812. Michigan Favorite. From Ogemaw Seed Co., West Branch, Mich., 1905. 
See 13472. 

17327. Holstein. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, through 
Prof. C. L. Newman, 1903, a cross between Black and Blackeye. 
Rather low, half bushy, viny, vigorous, the row mass 16 inches 
high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches coarse, medium in number, 
green, 2 to 4 feet long; leaflets dark, medium sized, held fairly 
late, immune to rust, somewhat affected by both red and white 
leaf-spots; flowers pale violet purple; quite prolific; pods well 
filled, held medium low, straw colored, often purplish tinged, large, 
6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds 
black-and-white blotched, oblong rhomboid, 7 by 9 mm. ; grown six 
seasons; not a first-class variety. It has also been tested at 
Chillicothe, Tex. ; Stillwater, Okla. ; and Audubon Park, La., at 
none of which places does it show particular merit. No. 22720, 
a cross of Blackeye and Black, from the Arkansas Agricultural 
Experiment Station and grown two seasons, is indistinguishable 
from this. No. 17425A, out of Watson 17425, from the Arkansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station in 1903, grown three seasons, is 
precisely identical. No 22725, from the South Carolina Agricul- 

229 



84 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



tural Experiment Station, through Prof. C. L. Newman, grown 
two seasons, is also identical. No. 17410. a cross between Black 
and Blackeye, 17417, a cross between Black and Extra Early 
Blackeye. and 17418, a cross between Early Blackeye and Black, 
are from the same source as 17327, and not distinguishable from 
it. No. 0605, from the same source, is very similar. Besides the 
foregoing, a number of lots of similar seeds have been obtained 
from Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., on whose place they origi- 
nated, probably as natural hybrids of Black and Blackeye. Of 
these lots, 0912, 0913, 0914 are indistinguishable from 17327. and 
0420 matures in the same time but is somewhat inferior. Nob. 
0615 and 0616 are closely similar in habit, but a little larger and 
mature about five days later. Nos. 0419, 0421. 0612, 0613. 0617, 
and 0917 are taller and more erect. 0918 being the best of the lot. 
No. 0614 is quite like 0917, but 10 days later. The last is the best 
variety we have grown with this coloration of seed, and it is 
perhaps worthy of general culture. 

17328. Chinese Red. The progeny of 6557, from Hankow, Hupeh, China. Half 

bushy, viny. the row mass 24 inches high and as broad; trailing 
branches few, 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets dark, medium sized, shed 
early, very much affected by rust, a little subject to red leaf-spot; 
flowers violet purple; not prolific; pods poorly filled, held medium 
high, straw colored, 5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in SO 
days ; seeds vinaceous rufous, rhomboid. 5 by 7 mm. This variety 
has been grown six years at Arlington Farm. The above notes 
are for 1909. In 1910 when rust was absent it proved to be the 
best cowpea with pinkish seeds, being prolific and of excellent 
bushy habit. No. 22635, from Sheklung. Kwangtung. China, is 
nearly or quite identical. 

17329. The progeny of No. 6563, from Hankow, Hupeh. China. Half bushy, 

vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high, 2\ feet broad; trailing 
branches many, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets dark, medium sized, im- 
mune to rust, considerably affected by leaf-spot, held medium 
late; flowers white; prolific: pods well filled, held medium high, 
straw colored or somewhat tinged with purple. 6 to 10 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 80 days: seeds subreniform. white 
with a narrow black eye, about 6 by 8 mm. Very similar to 
Early Blackeye 17335. except as to seed : one of the best blackeyes. 
Grown for six seasons and at various experiment stations. 

17330. Chinese WhippoorwiU. The progeny of 6566. from Hankow, Hupeh. 

China, 1901. Tall, the row mass 30 inches high. 3 feet broad, viny. 
moderately vigorous, tips of stems viny and continuing to grow 
late ; trailing branches medium in number, 3 to 4 feet long : leaves 
medium in size and color, much affected by rust; flowers violet 
purple: fairly prolific; pods well filled, held high, straw colored, 
5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 90 days ; seeds sub- 
reniform to rhomboid, about 4 by 6 mm., brown marbled on buff. 
A variety of good habit, but too subject to rust to be first class. 
At Chillicothe. Tex., and Amarillo, Tex., this variety was among 
the best, being decidedly drought resistant. The pods, however, 
shatter rather easily. 

17331. Dotvns Early Ripener. From Mr. L. W. Downs, Watkinsville. Ga., 

November, 1902. This is identical with New Era. See 21088. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



85 



17332. Asparagus bean. Progeny of 8354, from Morioka, Japan. Plants pro- 

cumbent, very viny. forming a mass 12 inches bigh, 2 to 3 feet 
broad ; stems medium coarse with few trailing branches, these 4 to 
7 feet broad; leaflets dark, much affected with rust, and a little 
with leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; moderately prolific ; pods 
much inflated, green, not becoming pale, 16 to 30 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 65 days; seeds dull black, 4 to 5 by 8 to 
10 mm. Quite distinct from 20006 and 6311, which also have black 
seeds, but unpromising. 

17333. Grecian. The progeny of 6431, from Athens, Greece. The original seed 

of this is exactly like the original seed of 16167. and the 1909 
progeny of seeds is also like that of 16167. The plants are identi- 
cal in habit and earliness of maturity. 
17333B. Buff seeds mixed in 6431. Somewhat procumbent, moderately vigor- 
ous, viny, the row mass 14 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing 
branches 3 to 4 feet long ; leaflets medium sized, immune to rust, 
but considerably subject to red leaf-spot; flowers pale violet 
purple ; prolific ; pods straw colored, well filled, held medium high, 
5 inches long, the first maturing in about 85 days; seeds pinkish 
buff, subreniform, about 6 by 7 mm. A prolific, medium-early 
variety, but not of much value. 

17334. Ghroit. From the Iowa Seed Co., Des Moines, Iowa, March, 1903. Plants 

suberect, half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 24 to 26 inches high, 
3 feet broad; trailing branches rather few, 2 to 4 feet long; leaf- 
lets medium in size and color, immune to rust and considerably 
affected by white leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; very prolific ; 
pods well filed, held high, very pale straw color, almost straight, 
7 to 9 inches long, the first maturing in about 80 days ; seeds 
rhomboid, about 6 by 8 mm., with a ground color of buff, marbled 
with brown and thickly sprinkled with minute blue specks. Identi- 
cal with the above and from the same source is 17347; also 17403 
from T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va. ; 17411, " a selection from 
New Era " from the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
through Prof. C. L. Newman in 1904; 25078 and 26497 from 
Coulterville. 111.; and 0720 from Mr. J. C. Little, Louisville, Ga. 
The Groit cowpea is unquestionably a hybrid between New Era and 
Whippoorwill ; indeed this hybrid has been made artificially by 
Mr. G. W. Oliver, who produced a plant with the seeds exactly 
like Groit. It is probable that the Groit originated spontaneously, 
the first authentic record that we have of it being the seed ob- 
tained in 1903 from the Iowa Seed Co. as New Era. This lot is 
said to have been grown by Mr, J. C. Little, of Louisville, Ga., who 
did not at the time notice that it was distinct from New Era. 
Groit has been much confused with New Era, all of the above lots 
having been obtained under the latter name. It also appears that 
all the records concerning New Era, published by the Kansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station, actually refer to Groit and it is 
probable, in the light of our present knowledge, that most of the 
New Era grown in the States of Illinois and Missouri is also really 
the Groit. Groit is a most excellent cowpea, being in a general 
way from 20 to 25 per cent superior to New Era, which variety 
it is likely largely to replace. The Groit has been extensively 
tested during the past few years, and over practically the whole of 

229 



86 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



the cowpea belt maintains its superiority in comparison with New 
Era. The origin of the name Groit is unknown; it was first pub 
lished and described in Bulletin 73 of the Missouri Agricultural 
Experiment Station in 1906, but spelled "Groite." See also Bul- 
letin No. 81, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 
and Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for 1908 (p. 250). 

17335. Early Blaclceye. The progeny of 13456, from the Arkansas Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 1903, as Extra Early Blackeye. Low, half 
bushy, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet 
broad; trailing branches many, 4 to 5 feet long; leaflets large, dark, 
immune to rust, but somewhat affected by both red and white leaf- 
spot; flowers nearly white; prolific; pods well filled, held rather 
low, straw colored, 6 to 10 inches long, the first maturing in about 
85 to 90 days; seeds oblong, about 6 by 8 mm., white with a 
medium-sized black eye. Grown six seasons. The same thing is 
represented in California Blackeye 17338, from the Arkansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903, and several lots from mis- 
cellaneous American sources. 

47336. Early Black or Congo. From J. M. McCullough's Sons, Cincinnati, Ohio., 
March, 1902. Half bushy, forming rows 18 to 20 inches high, 2 
to 21 feet broad; trailing branches rather few, 2 to 4 feet long; 
leaflets held late, immune to rust, but quite subject to red leaf- 
spot ; flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods borne rather low, purplish 
when immature, becoming straw colored or purplish when ripe, 

6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 60 days ; seeds black, 

7 by 9 mm. This variety differs from Black 29292 in being 10 
days earlier and in having larger seeds. It is identified with little 
doubt with " Congo," as described by Starnes. See page 51. 
Early Black is not a desirable variety for the same reasons given 
under Black — it has too low a habit and too great a tendency to 
vine. Nos. 13454, 17337, and 17343, from the same source as 17336, 
are identical, all received as Early Black. Other lots that are 
identical or virtually so are Black Bunch, 0589, from the Arkansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903 ; 0571, from Milford, Del., 
1903 ; Hammond's Early Black, 01370, from the Kansas Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station as Kansas No. 202, 1909 ; and 23 other 
lots from various American sources grown in 1910. 

17337. Early Black. A selection of 17336 which did not prove to be different. 

17338. California Blackeye. The progeny of 13457, from Arkansas Agricultural 

Experiment Station, 1904. See 17335. 

17339. Southdown, or Southdown Mottled. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, 

Va., March, 1902. Medium tall, half bushy, the row mass 24 inches 
high, 30 inches broad; trailing branches many, 5 feet long, rather 
coarse; leaflets large, dark, immune to rust, somewhat affected by 
white leaf-spot ; flowers very pale lavender ; prolific ; pods well filled, 
held medium high, straw colored, 5 to 8 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 105 days in 1909 and in 85 days in 1910 ; seeds 
oblong, about 6 by 8 mm., white with a large saddle of buff, which 
sometimes extends over the micropylar end and usually a few 
scattered spots on the back ; iris, olive. This variety has been 
grown for six seasons. In value it compares with Clay 17340. 
Identical with it are 17414, obtained from the Arkansas Agri- 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES, 



87 



cultural Experiment Station, through Prof. C. L. Newman, 1904, 
as Coffee, and 17413, from the same source, as Calico. 

17340. The progeny of 1345S, from the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment 

Station, March, 1902, as Clay. Other lots of the same progeny are 
numbered 17351 and 17358. Vigorous, the row mass 24 inches high 
and as broad: trailing branches green, many, 3 to 5 feet long; 
leaflets medium in size and color, immune to rust but somewhat 
subject to white leaf-spot, held late; flowers violet purple; fairly 
prolific : pods held medium low, well filled, straw colored, 6 to 8 
inches long, the first maturing in about 100 days in 1909 and in 75 
days in 1910 : seeds vinaceous buff, subreniform, about 7 by 8 mm. 
Varying very slightly from the foregoing are the following: 
0S91, from Mr. J. E. Sloop, Statesville, N. C. as Clay Crowder: 
0S92 and 18519, from T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va. ; 0893, 
from the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birmingham, Ala. ; 0S94. from 
J. H. McLean & Sons, Eatontown, N. J., as Mount Olive; 0816, 
from the Hickory Seed Co.. Hickory, N. C. ; and 17519A, from T. W. 
Wood & Sons, Richmond. Va. This variety has been grown as 
Clay at Arlington Farm for the past eight years. It is closely 
similar to several other American sorts with buff seeds described 
under Melear, 17383: Unknown, 13468; Unknown, 27545; Warren's 
New Hybrid, 17345 ; Powell's Early Prolific, 17392 ; and Sixty-Day. 
173S6. All of these have practically the same habit of growth but 
differ somewhat in time of maturity and size and form of seeds. 
Out of 178 lots of buff-colored subreniform seeds from American 
sources grown in 1910, 21 were not distinguishable from 17340. 

17341. From J. M. McCullouglr's Sons, Cincinnati, Ohio. March, 1902, as 

Browneye. Low, half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 16 inches 
high. 30 inches broad; trailing branches many, about 4 feet long; 
leaflets medium in size, dark, a little affected by rust, much sub- 
ject to red leaf-spot; flowers almost white; not very prolific; pods 
well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 7 to 10 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 80 days ; seeds white with a small buff 
eye, subreniform, about 7 by 9 mm. The earliness of this variety is 
its only desirable quality. 

17342. Taylor. The progeny of 13476 from the Alabama Agricultural Experi- 

ment Station, March, 1902. Plants low, half bushy, vigorous, the 
row mass 10 to 14 inches high, 3 feet broad ; trailing branches 
medium in number, 3 to 6 feet long, coarse, leaflets large, medium 
green, immune to rust, considerably affected by red leaf-spot ; 
flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held low, straw 
colored, usually purplish tinged, very large, 8 to 10 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 90 days; seeds subreniform, very large, 
about 7 by 10 mm., buff thickly speckled with blue, the blue specks 
arranged in groups. Identical with 17342 are the following : 17364 
and 17368, both from the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion: 17399 from Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C. as Whittle: 
17412 from the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, through 
Prof. C. L. Newman, as Speckled Java ; 0439 from Mr. H. P. Skipper, 
Chest ertown, Md.. as Gray Crowder. Miscellaneous lots from six 
sources grown in 1910 were all typical. The Taylor is the largest 
seeded of all American cowpeas and is easily recognizable. It is 

229 



88 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



also known in various parts of the country as Gray Goose, Whittle. 
Java, Speckled Java, and Jervis, the last name probably a mere 
corruption of Java. This variety is handled to a limited extent by 
seedsmen. It is well thought of by Prof. A. M. Ten Eyck, of the 
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, and by Prof. H. Garman. 
of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. In our ex- 
perience it is at best a second-rate variety, as the plant is so low 
in habit and the pods held so near the ground that it is practically 
impossible to harvest them with a mower. It has been grown at 
Arlington Farm for seven seasons and has been tested at practically 
all the experiment stations. ( See PI. V. ) 

17343. Early Black, A selection from 1733G. but not different. 

17344. See 13468. 

17345. Warren's New Hybrid. The progeny of 13471 from the Louisiana Ex- 

periment Station, March, 1902. Vigorous, viny. the row mass 
24 inches high, 2\ feet broad; trailing branches few, 2 to 4 feet 
long; leaflets dark, medium sized, held late, immune to rust and but 
little affected by leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; fairly prolific; 
pods well filled, held rather low, straw colored. 6 to 8 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 100 days ; seeds buff, keeled, subreniform. 
about 5 by 8 mm. This has been grown for six seasons at Arling- 
ton Farm, as well as at Chillicothe and Amarillo, Tex., Stillwater, 
Okla., and elsewhere. It is a variety of but secondary value. 

17346. The progeny of 13455 from the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta- 

tion, 1902, as Large Blackeye. Differs from 17335 only in being 
about 10 days later and in the slightly larger size of the plants; 
the seeds are indistinguishable. Nos. 17355 and 17362, also from 
the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station in 1902, are not 
distinguishable. 

17347. Groit. A selection of 17334, which proved to be not different. 

17348. Browneye Crowder. From the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 

March, 1902. Low, half bushy, quite vigorous, the row mass 16 
inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches medium in number, 
5 or 6 feet long, coarse; leaflets large, medium sized, a little af- 
fected by leaf-spot but not by rust; flowers almost white; pods 
few. moderately well filled, held medium high, straw colored or 
somewhat purplish tinged, 4 to 5 inches long, the first maturing in 
130 days in 1909 ; seeds almost globose, 5 or 6 mm. in diameter, 
creamy white with a medium buff eye. Grown at Arlington Farm 
for five seasons. This variety is called White Crowder in bulletins 
of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. 

17349. Whippoorwill. The progeny of 13475 from T. W. Wood & Sons, Rich- 

mond. Va., March, 1902. Tall, suberect, half bushy, vigorous, 
medium coarse, the row mass 30 to 32 inches high, 3 to 3^ feet 
broad ; trailing branches many, 3 to 6 feet long ; leaflets medium 
in size and color, held fairly late, immune to rust but a little af- 
fected by both red and white leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; 
prolific ; pods well filled, held high, straw colored, 6 to 8 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 90 (82 to 100) days, all mature 
20 days later; seeds subreniform. 6 by 8 mm., buff, doubly mar- 
bled, a dark brown superimposed on a lighter; iris yellow or yel- 
lowish. The Whippoorwill, also called Shinney and Speckled, is at 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



89 



present the leading commercial variety. Its good points are its 
tall habit and prolificness. The rather long season required makes 
it, however, too late north of Maryland and Kentucky, and even in 
these two States it is apt not to mature fully. Apparently the 
first mention of this variety in literature is in 1855 by Ruffin. 1 who 
states that he knew it as early as 1843 under the name of Shinney. 
Whippoorwill is a fairly uniform variety, and but slight differences 
can be detected in lots from various sources. The slight differ- 
ences that do exist, however, would seem to justify careful selection 
in this variety to secure the best strains. Other lots that have 
proved identical with 17349 are the following: 17357 and 17360 
from the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station in 
March, 1902; 18521. 24918, and 27543, all from T. W. Wood & 
Sons, Richmond, Va. ; 19723, from Mr. B. T. Marshall, Fort Valley, 
Ga. ; and 21049, from Fayetteville, Ark. Besides these lots, 12 mis- 
cellaneous lots from American sources were tested in 1908 and 110 
such lots were tested in 1910, all of which proved to be the 
variety in question. The seeds alone can not be depended on to 
identify this variety, as other American sorts have indistinguish- 
able seeds, these being Peerless 25314 and Cardinal 0599. Among 
the hybrids, of which Whippoorwill is one parent, are the following : 
Groit 17334, Brabham 21599, Guernsey 17408 and 01508. The 
seeds of Whippoorwill vary greatly in the proportion of brown. 
In the lightest seeds the brown marblings occupy not more than 10 
per cent of the surface, in ordinary typical seeds about 40 per cent 
of the surface, and from this on up to clear brown. Such brown 
seeds are not infrequently found in the same pods with marbled 
seeds, but in all such cases the plants proved to be heterozygotes. 
Differing from Whippoorwill only in having purple pods is Car- 
dinal 0599, from Mr. A. W. Brabham, Olar, S. C, grown three 
seasons. 

17350. Red Ripper. From the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, through 
Prof. J. F. Duggar, March, 1902. Plants somewhat procumbent, 
vigorous, very viny, the row mass 16 to 20 inches high, 2\ to 3 
feet broad ; leaflets large, dark, free from rust, a little affected by 
red leaf-spot, held late ; flowers violet purple ; moderately prolific ; 
pods well filled, borne rather low, straw colored, 7 to 8 inches long, 
the first mature in about 90 days; seeds maroon, rhomboid, 6 by 
8 mm. Very similar to the above and distinguishable with diffi- 
culty are the following : 17365 from the Louisiana Experiment Sta- 
tion as Red Yellowhull ; 17369 from the Mark W. Johnson Seed 
Co., Atlanta, Ga. ; 17519 from T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., 
as Red Carolina. Other varieties of American origin which are 
very similar but distinct, as proved by tests covering several years, 
are described under Nos. 17361, 17420A, 22722, 24919, 25088, 25512C, 
29286, and 29289. Besides these 3 lots, 40 lots having maroon 
seeds similar to 17350 from different American sources were tested 
in 1910. A brief discussion of the results obtained with these 
different lots will illustrate the complexity of the matter of varie- 
ties in this group. Of the 40 lots, 30 resembled 17350 very closely 



1 Ruffin, Edmund, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 1855, pp. 354, 363. 

229 



90 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPBA, ETC. 



in habit and general appearance. Seven of these lots agreed per- 
fectly with 17350 both as to seed and to field behavior. Ten lots 
were about five days later, of which two had set-ds like 17350; 
four others were alike but with seeds somewhat different from 
17350; while the remaining four were all distinct in their seed 
and pod characters. Thirteen lots matured two weeks later than 
17350. Seven of these lots are alike (see 01281), one is identical 
with 24919, while the remaining five represent in pods and sots I 
characters four varieties. This group of cowpeas is thus s^on 
to be very complex from the standpoint of varietal distinctions. 
Practically this is of little importance as all of these have much 
the same habit, differing mainly in earliness and seed characters. 
None of them is especially valuable, 29280 being perhaps the best. 
The name Red Ripper has been applied to several closely similar 
varieties of cowpeas and is perhaps best considered as a group 
name. There seems to be no possibility of determining positively 
to which one of the groups the name was first given. The first 
publication of the name found is in the American Agriculturist, in 
1S76 (vol. 35, p. 139). where only the seeds are described. There 
is nothing to prove that the Red Ripper described by Starnes 1 
is the same as the one here described, though it seems probable 
that such is the case as some of the Alabama Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station varieties were obtained from him. 

17351. A selection from 13458, but not distinct. See 17340. 

17352. Warren's Extra Early. The progeny of 13470 from Arkansas Agricul- 

tural Experiment Station, March, 1902; originally from W. H. 
Maule, Philadelphia, Pa. This was grown three seasons and could 
not be distinguished from Warren's New Hybrid, 17345, from the 
Louisiana Experiment Station, or another lot under the same name 
from the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station grown under No. 
0877. In 1910 two lots, 01359 and 01360, supposed to represent War- 
ren's New Hybrid and Warren's Extra Early, were received from the 
Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station. Two lots were also re- 
ceived in 1910 from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
01371 as Warren's New Hybrid and 01372 as Warren's Extra Early. 
These four lots all looked alike, but the two Kansas lots were a 
few days earlier than the Indiana samples, and these in turn 10 
days earlier than 17345. The seeds of all are qui e alike. There- 
fore, there is either confusion in regard to the name, or No. 17345 
has become later. Apparently, however, the two names refer to the 
same variety. 

17353. Unknown. A selection of 13468. but not different. See 17344. 

17354. Old Han. Obtained from the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 

through Prof. C. L. Newman, March. 1902. Procumbent, rather 
weak, the row mass 10 to 12 inches high, 18 inches broad ; trailing 
branches few, 1 to 1£ feet long, not twining ; leaflets medium sized, 
dark, immune to rust, much affected by both red and white leaf-spot ; 
flowers pale violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held low, straw 
colored. 5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 75 days ; seeds 
globose, about 5 mm. in diameter, yellowish, often with irregular 

1 Bulletin 26, Georgia Experiment Station, p. 182. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



91 



rusty markings, toe eye quite large and buff; iris olive. This vari- 
ety lias been grown for six seasons. It is a typical crowder with a 
typical crowder habit and has but little merit for forage purposes. 
17354A. Found in the 1909 Arlington Farm culture of 17354, probably a hybrid 
between that and Taylor. Differs from 17351 in the seed especially, 
4 which is of the same size, shape, and color, but the eye is speckled 
like Taylor and the iris black. 

17355. Large Blackcye. A selection from 13455, but not distinct. See 17346. 

17356. Unknown. A selection of 13468, but not different. See 17344. 

17357. Whippooricill. See 17349. 

17358. Clay. A selection of 13458, but not different. See 17340. 

17359. Lady. From the Plant Seed Co.. St. Louis, Mo., 1902. Low, half bushy, 

moderately vigorous, the row mass 16 to 20 inches high, about 3 
feet broad ; trailing branches not numerous, 1 to 3 feet long, twin- 
ing; leaflets medium in size and color, immune to rust, a little af- 
fected by red leaf-spot; flowers white; fairly prolific; pods well 
filled, held medium high, straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 85 days ; seeds oblong, 5 by 8 mm., white ; the 
iris greenish. This variety, which is only of moderate size, has 
been grown for five seasons. It is also represented by the follow- 
ing numbers : 17373, 17388, 17401, 17415. 

17360. Whippoorwill. From South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 

1902. See 17349. 

17361. Red Crowder. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1903, 

through Prof. C. L. Newman, as Red Ripper. Half bushy, viny, 
moderately vigorous, the row mass 18 to 24 inches high, 2* feet 
broad ; branches many, 3 to 5 feet long, green to purplish ; leaflets 
dark, held late, immune to rust, a little subject to red leaf-spot; 
flowers violet purple; moderately prolific; pods held fairly high, 
well filled, 5 to 6 inches long, straw colored, the first maturing in 
106 days; seeds maroon, globose to rhomboid, about 6 by 6 mm. 
Identical with this variety are 17428, also from the Arkansas 
Agricultural Experiment Station, and 17393 from Mr. F. I. 
Meacham, Statesville, N. C, both as Red Crowder. Not so pro- 
lific as 17350, but taller and the pods held up higher. 

17362. Large Blackeye. A selection from 13455, but not different. See 17346. 

17363. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, March, 1902. A 

hybrid between White Crowder and Taylor made by Prof. C. L. 
Newman. Medium tall, half bushy, quite vigorous, the row mass 
20 inches high, 2 feet broad ; trailing branches rather few, 2 to 4 
feet long; leaflets large, dark, immune to rust, considerably af- 
fected by leaf-spot; flowers almost white; prolific; pods well 
filled, held medium high, straw colored, often purplish tinged, 5 to 
8 inches long, the first maturing in about 105 days; seeds typical 
crowder, subglobose, about 7 mm. long and as broad, white or 
yellowish with a large saddle of the Taylor coloration which usually 
extends over the micropylar end, and usually with a few scattered 
spots of the same color; iris dark, nearly black. No. 26592 from 
Mr. J. L. Forelines, Millard, Ark., is the same. This variety is very 
similar to Speckled Crowder 22051, and of about equal value. 

17364. Taylor. A selection of 13476, but not distinct. See 17342. 
229 



92 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



17365. Red Yellowhull. From Louisiana Experiment Station, 1902. This was 

not distinguishable from 17350, but was different from 20286. 

17366. White Giant. From Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 1902. 

The original seeds of this number are identical with 29299, but 
the brief descriptive notes are insufficient to make the identifica- 
tion certain. * 

17367. Iron. Progeny of 13460. See 8418. 

17368. Taylor. A selection of 13476. but quite the same. See 17342. 

17369. From the Mark W. Johnson Seed Co., Atlanta, Ga., March, 1903. See 

17350. 

17370. Brown Croicder. From Mr. L. Cameron. Jacksonville, Fla.. March, 

1903. Vigorous, half bushy, viny, the row mass 20 inches high, 
16 inches broad ; trailing branches medium coarse, few. about 2 
feet long, green or purplish: leaflets dark, small, immune to rust, 
much affected by red leaf-spot : flowers pale violet purple: pro- 
lific ; pods moderately well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 
about 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 80 days : seeds 
vinaceous buff, subglobose, smooth, about 7 by 7 mm. ; iris brown. 
The Brown Crowder is taller than most crowder varieties, but 
has no great merit. It has been grown at Arlington Farm for six 
years, and also at Chillicothe and Amarillo, Tex., and Stillwater, 
Okla. 

17371. Whip poor will Crowder. From Mr. L. Cameron, Jacksonville. Fla., March. 

1903. Medium low, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 
12 to 14 inches high, 2+ feet broad ; trailing branches green, coarse, 
few, 2 to 4 feet long; leaves medium in size and color, immune 
to rust, little subject to leaf-spot : flowers pale violet purple ; fairly 
prolific ; pods held rather low. straw colored, 5 to 6 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 75 days. 90 per cent being ripe 30 days 
later; seeds subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter, buff marbled 
brown. Decidedly inferior to ordinary Whippoorwill in the six 
seasons it has been grown. 

17372. Wight Black Crowder. From Cairo. Ga., April, 1903. Procumbent, the 

coarse stems mostly lying on the ground, 1 to 3 feet long; the row 
forming a thin mass 6 to 10 inches high, 2 to 3 feet broad ; leaflets 
large, immune to rust, much affected by leaf-spot, shed early ; 
flowers violet purple : prolific : peduncles stout, erect ; pods 6 to 7 
inches long, as broad as thick, straw colored or purplish, slightly 
torulose. the first mature in about 85 days; valves thick: seeds 
subglobose or somewhat compressed, about 8 mm. in diameter. It 
is hardly distinguishable from a variety from Mr. George M. 
Simms. Canyon. Tex., grown four years under Xo. 0802. Compare 
22052. 

17373. Delicious or Small Lady. From Texas Seed and Floral Co., Dallas, Tex., 

March, 1903. See 17359. 

17374. Red Whippoorwill. From Mr. C. E. Brush. Atlanta, Ga., May, 1903. 

Tall, vigorous, viny. the row mass 30 to 36 inches high. 4 feet 
broad; trailing branches many. 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets dark 
green, medium large, free from rust and leaf-spot, held late : flowers 
violet purple; moderately prolific; pods well filled, held high, straw 
colored, 6 to 7 inches long; seeds subreniform. maroon marbled 
with dark brown or black, 6 by 8 mm. At Arlington Farm the 
first pods matured as follows : 1905. in 120 days ; 1906, pods did 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



93 



not mature in 127 days ; 1907, in 136 days ; 1908, in 101 days ; 1909, 
in 104 days. The Red Whippoorwill in a general way resembles 
Whippoorwill, but is much later, decidedly more viny, not so 
upright, and less prolific. The same variety was obtained from the 
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station through Prof. C. L. 
Newman in 1903, and grows as 0603 and 17416. Later and taller 
with paler foliage and less prolific are 01398 with seeds like 17374 
and 01399 with pink marbled seeds, both from Mr. J. C. Little, 
Louisville, Ga., 1909. 

17375. From Sumbalpur. district, Central Provinces, India, 1903, under the 

vernacular name " Jhunga." Seeds buff, oblong, 6 by 9 mm. 
Very procumbent, the row mass 10 inches high, with prostrate 
branches 5 feet long ; late, no pods maturing at Arlington Farm in 
132 days before being killed by frost At Chillicothe, Tex., it was 
of very similar habit but did not come to bloom. 

17376. Catjang. From Satara, Bombay Presidency, India. Vernacular name 

" Chauli." Low, half bushy, not at all twining, the row mass 8 to 
12 inches high; trailing branches medium in number, 1 or 2 feet 
long; leaflets small, dark, considerably attacked by rust, not much 
by leaf-spot; flowers, pale violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, 
held erect, straw colored, 3 to 4 inches long, the first maturing 
in about 110 days ; seeds oblong, white with a buff eye, about 3 by 
4 mm. ; iris dark brown. A remarkably distinct variety of catjang 
that has been grown for four seasons. The small, thickish leaflets 
are often paler along the midrib. It is not of any particular 
promise. 

17377. Catjang mixed with 173S1 from Coimbatore, Madras, India, 1903. Seeds 

buff, oblong, 4 by 5 mm. ; plants procumbent, 18 inches high with 
trailing branches 3 to 4 feet long; first pods maturing in 82 days 
in 1905. Too low and viny, as well as too shy a seeder to be 
valuable. 

17378. Catjang. From United Provinces, India, 1903, under the vernacular name 

" Bhadela." Seeds buff, oblong, variable in size, 3 to 5 by 5 to 7 
mm. Very similar in all respects to 17375 in 1905, the only season 
grown. 

17379. An admixture in the preceding, the seeds darker, a difference due to 

weathering. Grown in 1905, when it was not distinguishable from 
17378. 

173S0. Mixed with 17382 from Jabalpur, Central Provinces, India, 1903. Seeds 
reddish, oblong, 5 to 6 by 7 to 8 mm. Plants procumbent, 12 to 15 
inches high, with trailing, slender branches 3 to 4 feet long; no 
pods mature in 130 days in 1905 when killed by frost. Too late 
and sprawling to be valuable. 

17381. Catjang from Coimbatore, Madras, India, 1903, under the vernacular 

name " Choli." Indistinguishable from 17377 both as to seeds and 
plants. 

17382. From Jabalpur, Central Provinces, India, 1903, under the vernacular 

name " Barbati." Not distinguishable from 17380. 

17383. Melear. From Mr. R. T. Melear, McKenzie, Tenn., December, 1903. 

This variety closely resembles both Unknown 13468 and Clay 
17340, being about intermediate between them, and difficult to dis- 
tinguish excepting where the three are growing side by side. 

229 



94 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Mr. Melear writes that it is the progeny cf a single plant that he 
found in a field of Black cowpeas. He further writes that this 
variety does not climb when planted in corn and that the seeds 
will lie in the field all winter and be sound in spring. 

17384. Black X Iron. A hybrid from Mr. W. A. Orton, his No. 14a2-2-l. See 

27859. 

17385. Black X Iron. A hybrid from Mr. W. A. Orton, his No. 14a2-2-l. See 

27859. 

17386. Sixty-Day. From Mr. I. F. Cherry, Rocky Mount, N. C, in 1905. Low, 

half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad; 
trailing branches many, 4 feet long; leaflets medium in size and 
color, immune to rust, moderately affected by leaf-spot; flowers 
violet purple; not prolific; pods well filled, held medium high, 
straw colored, 7 to 9 inches long, the first maturing in about 100 
days; seeds cream buff to vinaceous buff, oblong to rhomboid, 
about 6 by 8 mm., rather strongly keeled. Judging from its be- 
havior at Arlington Farm, it is not a desirable variety ; grown for 
six seasons. 

17387. Sixty-Day. From Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C, June, 1905. 

Identical with the preceding. 

17388. From the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birmingham, Ala., April, 1905, as Lady 

Finger. This proved to be identical with 17359. 

17389. Black X Iron. A hybrid from Mr. W. A. Orton, his No. 14a-5-l-l. See 

27859. 

17390. From the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birmingham, Ala., April, 1905, as 

Grayeye. Low, half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 22 inches high, 

4 feet broad ; trailing branches coarse, many, 6 to 8 feet long ; 
leaflets large, medium dark, immune to rust, a little affected by 
both red and white leaf-spot; flowers almost white; not prolific; 
pods well filled, held rather high, straw colored or sometimes 
tinged with purple, 4£ to 5£ inches long, the first maturing in about 
90 days ; seeds subreniform, white with a medium reddish-buff eye, 

5 by 7 mm. Grown four seasons. 

17390A. Similar in habit and date of maturity; pods 6 to 7 inches long; seeds 
oblong, 5 by 7 mm., white with a small buff eye; iris olive. 

17391. From Monetta, S. C. A selection by Mr. W. A. Orton in 1902 from a 

field of Clay cowpeas on account of its wilt resistance. It proved 
to be identical with Iron. 

17392. Powell's Early Prolific. From Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C, 

May, 1905. Half bushy and very viny, vigorous, the row mass 24 
inches high, 2\ feet broad; trailing branches medium in number, 
about 3 feet long, green or purplish; leaflets dark, rather large, 
held late, immune to rust and but little affected by leaf-spot; 
flowers violet purple, very prolific; pods fairly well filled, held 
medium high, straw colored, 7 to 8 inches long, the first matur- 
ing in about 100 days; seeds vinaceous buff, rhomboid, about 7 to 
8 by 10 mm. Grown five seasons; comparable in value to Clay, 
17340. 

17393. Red Crowder. From Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C, May, 1905. 

See 17361. 

17394. Yellow Sugar Groivder. From Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C, 

May, 1905. Procumbent, the row mass 15 inches high, with trail- 
ing branches 5 to 6 feet long; late, only a few pods being mature 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



95 



in 120 days when killed by frost; seeds rhomboid. 7 by 7 mm., 
transversely wrinkled, yellowish, with a large reddish-buff eye. 
Grown only in 1905; a very distinct variety as to seeds. 

17395. Iron. This and the three following are from Monetta, S. C, April, 1905, 

selections by Mr. W. A. Orton, but under Arlington Farm condi- 
tions not different. 

17396. Iron. See 17395. 
17396A. Iron. See 17398A. 

17397. Iron. See 17395. 

1739S. From Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C, May, 1905, as Browneye 
Crowder. Seeds not crowder in form but subreniform, white with 
a medium buff eye, apparently the same as 17390. No field notes 
on this number. 

17398A. Low, half bushy, the row mass 16 inches high, 18 inches broad; trail- 
ing branches many, about 3 feet long; leaflets medium in size 
and color, immune to rust and little affected by leaf-spot; 
flowers white; prolific; pods well filled, held medium low, straw 
colored, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 90 days ; 
seeds subreniform, rhomboid, burnt umber in color, about 6 by 8 
mm. Identical with this is 17396A, found growing in 17396, 
from Monetta, S. C. This variety is somewhat superior to 17404. 

17399. Whittle. From Mr. F. I. Meacham, Statesville, N. C, May, 1905. Iden- 

tical with Taylor 17342. 

17400. Black X Iron. A hybrid from Mr. W. A. Orton, his No. 14b5-l-l. See 

27859. 

17401. Rice. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Ya., April, 1904. See 17359. 

17402. Michigan Favorite. From Mr. E. E. Evans, West Branch, Mich. See 

13472. 

17403. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1904, as New Era. 

Same as Groit 17334. 

17404. Brown Coffee. From Mr. Joe M. Johnson, Monetta, S. C, May, 1904. 

Low, half bushy, the row mass 12 to 20 inches high and about as 
broad; trailing branches few, 1 to 3 feet long, green; leaflets 
medium in size, rather pale, immune to rust, but moderately 
affected with red leaf-spot; flowers white; fairly prolific; pods 
held rather low, straw colored, or rarely purplish tinged, 5 to 7 
inches long, the first maturing in about 105 days; seeds burnt 
umber in color, subreniform. about 7 by 8 mm. A little-grown 
variety of excellent bushy habit and quite prolific, but of only 
moderate size. It has been grown for six seasons. The following 
lots are indistinguishable from it : 0424, from Mr. J. W. Trinkle, 
Madison, Ind., 1906, and 17396A. No. 17398A is slightly different. 

17405. Louisiana Wild. From the J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans, La., 

March, 1904. Vigorous, very viny, the row mass 22 inches high, 
1\ feet broad; trailing branches many, growing 4 to 5 feet long; 
leaflets dark, medium sized, held late, immune to rust, little 
affected by leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; pods very few, 
well filled, held medium high, straw colored, often purple tinged. 
6 inches long, the first maturing in 100 days; seeds cream buff, 
rhomboid, about 5 by 6 mm. A vigorous grower of good habit, 
but not fruitful. This is very similar to a later lot from the same 
source, No. 25512. 

229 



96 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



17405D. Medium tall, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 20 inches high, 3 feet 
broad ; trailing branches many, 3 to 5 feet long, green to purplish ; 
leaflets medium in size and color, held late, free from rust and but 
little subject to leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; not prolific; 
pods poorly filled, held high, drab in color, 4£ to 6 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 100 days; seeds subreniform, vinaceous 
rufous, about 5 by 7 mm. A variety of good habit, but too shy a 
seed bearer. In 1908 the first pods matured in 120 days. Grown 
four seasons. 

17405E. Half bushy, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high. 30 
inches broad; trailing branches many, 3 to 5 feet long; leaves 
free from rust and little affected by leaf-spot; flowers pale violet 
purple; not prolific; pods held high, well filled, drab in color. 4 to 
6£ inches long, the first maturing in 105 days: seeds maroon, 
subreniform, about 5 by 6 mm. Similar to 25512C, but different. 

17405F. Half mushy, rather weak, only 10 to 12 inches high ; trailing branches 
few, 2 to 4 feet long, the row making a thin mass 3 feet wide ; 
leaves rather small, angular, immune to rust; flowers violet purple; 
moderately prolific ; pods well filled, straw colored, 4 to 6 inches 
long, the first mature in about 70 days ; seeds black, small. 5 by 7 
mm. Much inferior to 25512A, and with smaller pods and seeds. 

17405G. Suberect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches 
high. 2 feet broad; trailing branches rather slender, purplish; 
leaflets medium sized, free from rust, somewhat affected by red 
leaf-spot: flowers pale violet purple; pods well filled, held medium 
high, 4 to 41 inches long, the first maturing in about 85 days : seeds 
subglobose, vinaceous, 4 by 5 mm. ; the iris brown. This is a 
prolific variety, with seeds almost as small at catjangs. 

17405H. Very similar to 17405G, but with the pods spreading at right angles 
and earlier, the first pods ripening in about 70 days. 

17406. Michigan Favorite. See 17402 and Plate V. 

17407. From the J. Steckler Seed Co.. New Orleans, La., March. 1904. This 

selection with buff seeds proved identical with 17405. See discus- 
sion under 25512. 

17408. Guernsey. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1904. 

A hybrid between Whippoorwill and Blackeye made by Prof. C. L. 
Newman. Half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 
22 inches broad ; trailing branches rather few, coarse, 2 to 4 feet 
long, and scarcely twining; leaflets large, dark, immune to rust, a 
little affected by leaf-spot ; flowers pale lavender ; moderately pro- 
lific ; pods well filled, held rather high, straw colored, 4 to 8 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 90 days ; seeds white, variously 
mottled with the Whippoorwill colors, the latter being arranged 
around the eye in a saddle, sometimes with a large spot at the 
micropylar end which may be united with the saddle, rarely with 
a few small spots on the back ; iris yellow. This variety has very 
much the habit of Holstein 17327. It is somewhat superior in 
habit to Blackeye 17335, but not nearly so good as Whippoorwill. 
Grown for six seasons at Arlington Farm, and at Chillicothe, Tex., 
Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., and Stillwater, Okla. A second 
lot of the same cowpea was obtained from Prof. C. L. Newman in 
1908, and grown under 22730. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



97 



17409. Ayrshire or Whippoorwill Saddleback. From the Arkansas Agricultural 

Experiment Station, received through Prof. C. L. Newman, his 
No. 10, May, 1904; evidently a cross of Taylor and Blackeye. 
Medium, half bushy, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad; 
trailing branches rather few, coarse, 2 to 4 feet long ; leaflets large, 
dark, immune to rust, a little affected by both red and white leaf- 
spot ; flowers almost white ; prolific ; pods well filled, held medium 
high, straw colored or somewhat purplish tinged, 6 to 7 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 90 days; seeds subreniform, about 
6 by 8 mm., the ground color white, nearly concealed by the 
Taylor coloration; iris black; the Taylor color commonly covers 
the whole of the seed excepting the chalazal end; occasionally, 
however, the whole back of the seed is also white, and in this 
there may be scattered spots of the Taylor coloring. The habit 
of this is about ident ical with Guernsey 17408, and Hoi stein 
17327. It has been grown at Arlington for five seasons; also at 
Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., and Stillwater, Okla. 

17410. Black X Blackeye. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- 

tion, May, 1904, through Prof. C. L. Newman. See 17327. 

17411. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, through 

Prof. C. L. Newman, " a selection from New Era." Same as Groit 
17334. 

17412. Speckled Java. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1904. 

Identical with Taylor, 17342. 

17413. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, as Calico. 

See 17339. 

17414. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, as Coffee. 

See 17339. 

17415. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, as 

Conch. This proved the same as 17359. 

17416. Red Whippoorwill. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 

May, 1904. Identical with 17374. 

17417. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, " a cross 

between Black and Extra Early Blackeye," by Prof. C. L. Newman. 
See 17327. 

17418. Holstein. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May. 1904, 

»one of Prof. C. L. Newman's crosses of Black and Extra Early 
Blackeye. See 17327. 

17419. Little Iron. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904. 

Same as Iron, 8418. 

17420. Blackeyed Lady. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 

May, 1904, through Prof. C. L. Newman. Low, half bushy, viny, 
not very vigorous, the row mass 14 inches high, 2 feet broad ; trail- 
ing branches medium in number, 3 to 5 feet long ; leaflets medium 
in size and color, immune to rust, much attacked by red leaf-spot ; 
flowers white to pale lavender, fairly prolific ; pods well filled, held 
medium high, straw colored or sometimes purple tinged, 4 to S 
inches long, the first maturing in about 85 days; seeds globose, 
about 6 mm. in diameter, white with medium-sized black eye. A 
variety used as a table pea ; not of much value for forage ; grown 
six seasons. (See PI. V.) 
2968°— Bui. 229—12 7 



98 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



17420A. Plants half bushy, viny, vigorous, the row mass 16 to 18 inches high, 
2 to 3 feet broad ; trailing branches few. 2 to 4 feet long, green ; 
leaflets free from rust, somewhat affected by red leaf -snot : flow- 
ers pale violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held medium 
high, straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long, slender, 8 mm. broad, the 
first mature in 100 days, 90 per cent ripe in 130 days; seeds 
maroon, subreniform, 6 by 8 mm. Closely resembles 29286 in habit. 
The narrow pods and small seeds distinguish it, however, from this 
as well as from Red Crowder 17361. 

17421. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904. Seeds 

maroon, oblong reniform, 7 by 10 mm., quite indistinguishable 
from 22722, with which it is probably identical. Grown only in 
1905. 

17422. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. May. 1904. re- 

ceived through Prof. C. L. Newman, his No. 30. Said to be a 
hybrid between Warren's Extra Early and Sugar Crowder. Low, 
half bushy, the row mass 12 to 14 inches high, 3 feet broad ; trail- 
ing branches few. 2 to 4 feet long: leaflets medium in size and 
color, immune to rust, considerably affected by red leaf-spot : flow- 
ers violet purple; quite prolific: pods well filled, held medium 
high, straw colored, about 8 inches long, the first maturing in 100 
days: seeds plump, oblong, about 7 by 9 mm., yellowish, with a 
rather indefinite eye of buff or purplish gray, the edge of the eye 
usually marked by an indistinct rusty line; iris olive. This 
variety has been grown for five seasons at Arlington Farm. The 
same variety was received again from Prof. Newman in 190S, his 
No. 57. and grown under 22729. 

17423. Iron Mountain. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. May, 

1904. Same as Iron, 8418. 

17424. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 1904, a cross between 

Black and Extra Early Blackeye. See 17425. 

17425. TYatson or Watson's Hybrid. Obtained from the Arkansas Agricultural 

Experiment Station, through Prof. C. L. Newman. May. 1904. 
Low, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 24 to 28 
inches high. 3 feet broad; trailing branches few, rather coarse, 
about 2 feet long ; leaflets medium in size and color, immune to 
rust, much affected by red leaf-spot and somewhat by white leaf- 
spot : flowers pale violet purple : moderately prolific ; pods curved, 
fairly well filled, held moderately high, straw colored, 6 to 9 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds subreniform, 
about 6 by 8 mm. ; color peculiar, in general effect being grayish 
or bluish, varying from very pale to very dark even on the same 
plant: it is apparently diffused black, under the lens having a 
minutely granular appearance, somewhat resembling the speckling 
of the Taylor cowpea, but certainly different; eye black, not 
sharply delimited. This is a variety of only secondary merit. It 
has been grown for six seasons at Arlington Farm, and at various 
other places. Practically identical with the foregoing are the 
following, all from Prof. C. L. Newman, which are said to be 
hybrids of Blackeye and Black Bunch: 17424, 22716, 22718, and 
22719. The plants under these numbers have identically the same 
seed color as 17425 ,and otherwise have but very slight observable 
differences. Seeds of the color of Watson may be found not 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



99 



uncommonly in lots of seed of the Blackeye varieties, no doubt 
caused by crossing with Black cowpeas. As there are numerous 
varieties of Blackeye cowpeas as well as of Black, it is to be 
expected that among the hybrids of these will be the Watson 
color of seed while the plants will vary in habit considerably. 
Watson's Hybrid is also known as Sport. The Watson Hybrid 
mentioned in Bulletin 62 (ser. 2), Louisiana Experiment Station, 
1900 (p. 466), may be this variety; the agronomic notes on Wat- 
son's Hybrid in Bulletin SI, Delaware College Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, are based on 17425. 
17425A. Probably an extracted hybrid. Same as 17327. 

17426. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, as Mount 

Olive. Seeds buff, apparently identical with 17344. Grown only 
in 1905, the field notes indicating that these plants are very 
similar. 

17427. Sport. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904, 

through Prof. C. L. Newman. In all respects like Watson, 17425, 
except that the pods are straight and the seeds smaller, rhomboid, 
6 by 7 mm. Prof. Newman states that this is a hybrid of Black- 
eye and Extra Early Black. Another lot of the same thing was 
obtained later and numbered 22721. Two of the hybrids obtained 
from Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., and grown under Nos. 
0423 and 0618 are extremely similar but about 10 per cent better, 
being taller and later. No. 0624 from the same source had the 
pods badly distorted by disease. Agronomic notes concerning Sport, 
17427, are published in Bulletin 81, Delaware College Agricultural 
Experiment Station. 

17428. Red Croicder. From Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 

1904. See 17361. 

17429. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1904. Seeds 

buff like 13468. Available field notes are very brief but indicate 
that the plant is very similar to 13468. 

17430. Iron. From Mr. S. M. Byrd, Grovetown, Ga., January, 1905. Progeny 

of 8418. (See PI. V.) 

17431. Iron. From Mr. H. Abild, Wakonda, S. Dak. March, 1905. Progeny of 

8418. 

17432. Michigan Favorite. From Mr. H. Abild, Wakonda, S. Dak., March, 1905. 

Progeny of 11344. 

17433. Iron. From Mr. W. J. Edwards, Willshire, Ohio, March, 1905. Progeny 

of 8418. 

17434. Iron. From Mr. C. G. Diament, Bridgeton, N. J., March, 1905. Progeny 

of 8418. 

17435. Iron. From various sources in 1905. Progeny of 8418. 

17436. Iron. From Mr. C. C. Dulebohn, Kearney, Kans., March, 1905. Progeny 

of 8418. 

17492. Asparagus bean. Progeny of 11074. From Abyssinia. Indistinguishable 

from 22902 in growth and habit. Pods slightly more inflated; 
seeds larger, 7 by 11 mm., reddish purple. 

17493. Asparagus bean. Progeny of 11091. 

17519. Red Carolina, From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., February, 

1906. See 17350. 
17519A. See 17340. 
229 



100 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



17693. Cream. From the Texas Seed and Floral Co., Dallas, Tex.. February, 
1900. Low. half bushy, moderately vigorous, somewhat viny, the 
row mass 12 to 18 inches high and about as broad; trailing 
branches few, 1 to 3 feet long; leaflets medium sized, dark, immune 
to rust, considerably affected by both red and white leaf -spots; 
flowers white; prolific: pods not well filled, held rather low, 
straw colored, 4 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 100 
days; seeds creamy white, subglobose. about mm. in diameter; 
iris greenish. This variety is a table pea and of only secondary 
value for forage. It has much the habit of black-eyed varieties, the 
tips of the branches being viny and bearing smaller leaflets. 

17097. Iron. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., February. 1906. See 
8418. 

17849. From Tientsin. Chihli, China, February, 1900. Medium low. viny, 
vigorous, the row mass 18 to 20 inches high, 3 feet broad: trailing 
branches not numerous, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets medium in size 
and color, considerably subject to leaf-spot and somewhat affected 
by rust in 1908, but not in 1909; flowers pale violet purple; pro- 
lific; pods fairly well filled; held medium high, straw colored or 
reddish, 7 to 8 inches long; the first mature in about So days; 
seeds snbreniform. 6 by 8 mm., buff marbled with brown, the iris 
yellow. This resembles Whippoorwill more closely than any 
other Chinese variety. It differs, however, in being earlier, not so 
tall, and subject to rust. The Chinese are said to use this as a 
vegetable and roasted as confectionery. 

17849A. Similar in all respects to 17849 except that the chalazal end of the seed 
is white. 

17855. From Shanhaikwan, Chihli, China, February, 1906. Low, half busby. 

vigorous; the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing 
branches medium in number. 3 to 4 feet long ; leaflets medium in 
size and color, a little affected by rust and by white leaf-spot ; 
flowers violet purple; not prolific; pods moderately well filled, 
held medium high, straw colored, 5 to inches long, the first ma- 
turing in about 90 days; seeds white with large reddish-buff eye; 
subreniform ; about 5 by 7 mm. ; iris darker. A distinct variety • f 
only ordinary merit; grown four seasons. No. 21297C, from P 
jale Province, India, is apparently identical. 

17856. From Shanhaikwan, Chihli, China, February. 1906. Half bush- 

row mass 12 inches high. 16 to 18 inches broad; trailing 1 
few, 3 feet long, green or reddish; leaflets dark, medii r 
shed rather early, somewhat affected by both rust and 1 
spot; flowers pale violet purple; pods rather few, well 
medium high, dark drab in color, 5 to 8 inches lo 
maturing in about 90 days; seeds buff pink to vina 
white spot at the chalazal end. subreniform. about • to 8 

mm. This variety was grown four seasons at Arlington and also 
at Stillwater, Okla., and Audubon Park, La. Not a desirable sort. 
18519. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., May, 1906, as Clay. See 
17340. 

18519A. Purple-Podded Clay. Low, half bushy, viny. the row mass 18 inches 
high, 3 to 3^ feet broad; trailing branches many, 3 to 6 feet long 
and rather coarse, reddish purple; leaflets large, dark, immune to 
rust, but somewhat subject to white leaf-spot, inclined to be 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate IX. 




Pods of Two Varieties of Cowpeas with Kidney-Shaped Seeds: No. 18519A 
on the Left, No. 21299B on the Right. 



(Three-fourths natural size.) 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



101 



purplish; flowers pale violet purple; moderately prolific; pods 
well filled, field rather low, dark purple when immature, purple 
when ripe, the first maturing in about 105 days; seeds subreni- 
form, vinaceous pink, about 7 by 9 mm., rather strongly keeled. 
This variety is 10 days later than 18519 and differs especially in the 
purplish color of the whole plant. ( See PI. IX. ) 

18520. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Ya., May, 1906, as Red Ripper. 

No cultural notes. 

18521. Whippoorwill. From same source as 18520. See 17349. 

18522. New Era. From same source as 18520. See 21088. 

18617. From Shanhaikwan, Chihli, China, May, 1906. Low, half bushy, mod- 
erately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad; trail- 
ing branches rather few, a foot or so long, green or purplish ; 
leaflets medium sized, dark, not affected by rust, but considerably 
by red leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; moderateiy prolific; 
pods well filled, held medium high, straw colored, often purplish 
tinged, 5 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 75 days ; 
seeds oblong reniform, about 7 by 10 mm., white with a maroon 
saddle which usually extends over the micropylar end and com- 
monly has a few scattered spots on the back. Not a desirable 
variety. No. 22903 is closely similar. 

19723. Whippoorwill. From Fort Valley, Ga., January, 1907. See 17349. 

19777. Iron. From Monetta, S. C, January, 1907. See 8418. 

20005. Asparagus bean. From Antung, Manchuria, February, 1907. Plants 

procumbent, very viny, the mass 10 inches high, 18 inches broad; 
stems rather slender ; branches few, 2 to 3 feet long ; leaflets large, 
dark, somewhat affected by both rust and leaf-spot; flowers purple; 
fairly prolific; pods purple, 8 to 12 inches long, much inflated; 
seeds reddish buff, reniform, 4 to 5 by 8 mm., a few longitudinally 
striate impressions on the sides; first pods maturing in about 80 
days. 

20006. Asparagus bean. From Antung, Manchuria, February, 1907. Identical 

with the preceding in every respect except character of seeds. 
Seeds black, 5 by 9 mm. 

20980. From Nairobi, British East Africa, May, 1907. Rather tall, half bushy, 
vigorous, the row mass 22 inches high, 30 inches broad; trailing 
branches many, 4 to 5 feet long, purplish ; leaflets medium sized, 
dark, purplish, not affected by rust or leaf-spot; flowers almost 
white ; no pods maturing at Arlington in 1907, 1908, or 1909 ; 
original seeds short, subreniform or rhomboid, about 6 by 7 mm., 
white with a black eye. A very late and vigorous variety of excel- 
lent habit. One of the best of the very late varieties tested. 

20980A. Half bushy, viny, very vigorous, the row mass 24 to 28 Inches high, 
2| to 3 feet broad ; trailing branches many, 3 to 4 feet long ; leaflets 
free from rust and but little affected by leaf-spot, held late; flowers 
violet purple; not prolific; pods 5 to 7 inches long, straw colored 
or somewhat purplish, the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds 
rhomboid, black, about 6 by 6 mm. This has the general habit of 
Black 29292, but it is more vigorous, later, and not so prolific. 

20980B. Very viny, very vigorous, the row mass 2 feet high, 4 feet broad; 

trailing branches moderate in number, averaging 4 feet in length, 
coarse; leaflets medium in size and color, held very late, immune 

229 



102 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



to rust and but little affected by leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple; not 
prolific ; pods well filled, held medium high, purplish, 5 to 6 inches 
long, the first maturing in 1909 in about 130 days; seeds pinkish 
buff, rhomboid, about 6 by 6 mm.; iris brownish yellow. This is 
the most vigorous cowpea with buff-colored seeds that we have 
grown, and one of the most vigorous of all varieties. Its poor 
seeding habit and lateness, however, rendered it of little practical 
value. 

20980C. Practically the same as 20980 except as to seeds, these being white 
with a medium-sized violet eye, the iris darker. 

20980D. Very different from 20980. Plants very stout and vigorous, the row 
forming a mass 18 inches high, about 4 feet broad; trailing 
branches many; leaflets large, dark, purple: producing neither 
flowers nor pods at Arlington in 1908. Grown in the greenhouse, 
this breeds perfectly true. The seeds are subreniform, about 5 to 
7 mm. long, with a large, irregular, violet eye. often extending 
over the micropylar end, and sometimes isolated spots of the same 
color ; iris yellowish. This is the most vigorous of all the very late 
cowpeas that have been tested, exceeding in vigor even 21299. 

20984. From Amani, German East Africa, May, 1907. This variety is distinguish- 
able from New Era only in having much darker foliage and in being 
a little less tall. It might easily be mistaken for true New Era, but 
the characters mentioned have held true through three seasons. 

21006. From Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, May, 1907, under the name " Feijao 
macassar." According to Mr. W. Fischer, all varieties of cowpeas 
are called " macassar " in Brazil. Plants procumbent, very vigor- 
ous, very viny, the row mass 12 inches high, 4 to 5 feet broad; 
trailing branches many, 3 to 8 feet long; leaflets large, dark, not 
affected by rust or leaf-spot; flowers violet purple: not prolific; 
pods few, held low, none matured at Arlington in 1909 in 133 days, 
nor in 1908 in 140 days; pods grown in greenhouse from purplish 
to dark purple, 7 to 8 inches long; seeds varying from buff to 
violet, usually buff variously clouded with violet, subreniform, 
about 6 by 8 mm. This is one of the most vigorous of all varieties 
of cowpeas. Prof. S. M. Tracy states that in 1909 it was grown 
near Biloxi, Miss., by one of his neighbors and on account of the 
tremendous growth of the vines it was mowed off in July, after 
which it produced an unusually heavy crop of pods. This suggests 
the possibility of utilizing it as a soiling crop. In 1908 it matured 
pods at Auburn, Ala., but was not at all prolific. At Biloxi, Miss., 
in 1907, the vines were from 12 to 15 feet long; some of them ran 
on the ground for 10 feet and then climbed up bushes to a height 
of 12 to 15 feet or more. A second lot of the same variety is 
represented by No. 21299. 

21006A. Seeds of this were mixed in 21006. They differed only in being thickly 
speckled with blue, the ground color varying from dark violet to 
nearly buff. The plants grown from these seeds were in no way 
distinguishable from those of 21006. The same variety occurred in 
21299 and was separated as 21299A. 

21049. Whippoorwill. From Fayetteville. Ark., June, 1907. See 17349. 

21061. From Mr. James Moody, Village, Ark., June, 1907. Seeds maroon, rhom- 
boid, 7 by 8 mm. No cultural notes. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 103 



21085. From Tchangyang, Manchuria, January, 1907. Low, half bushy, mod- 
erately vigorous, the row mass 12 inches high, 2 feet broad ; trail- 
ing branches not many, 1 to 3 feet long ; leaflets medium in size 
and color, not subject to rust, but much affected by leaf-spot; 
flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held rather 
low, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first mature in 75 days ; 
seeds rhomboid, 6 by 8 mm., buff marbled with brown, the chalazal 
end sometimes white ; iris yellow, closely similar to 17849, but dis- 
tinct; not a valuable variety. The white-ended seeds sometimes 
occur on the same plant as those wholly marbled. In 17849, on the 
contrary, the two seed colors breed true. 

21088. New Era. Seed from F. W. Bolgiano & Co., Washington, D. C. Plants 
erect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 24 to 26 
inches high, 30 inches broad; trailing branches rather few, 2 to 
4 feet long; leaflets medium in size and color, immune to rust, 
but a little affected by both red and white leaf-spot ; flowers violet 
purple ; very prolific ; pods well filled, held high, of a very pale 
straw color, nearly straight, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing 
in about 75 days ; seeds rhomboid, about 7 by 7 mm., buff, thickly 
and quite evenly speckled with blue. This variety has also been 
grown under the following numbers: 13477, 18522, 26984, and 
27547 from T. W. Wood & Sons. Richmond, Ya. ; 16229 from Mr. 
Herman Ockels, Bristol, Conn. ; 0700 from Delaware College Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station ; 0702 from Mr. W. S. O'Bier, Seaford, 
Del. ; 0706 and 0815 from the Hickory Seed Co., Hickory, N. C. ; 
0726 from Mr. J. C. Little, Louisville, Ga. ; 01016 from Mr. A. A. 
Milner, Chattanooga, Okla. ; 01382 from the N. L. Willet Seed 
Co., Augusta, Ga. ; 01383 from Barteldes & Co., Lawrence. Kans. ; 
01384 from George B. Matthews & Sons, New Orleans, La. New 
Era has also been received from Mr. L. W. Downs, Watkinsville, 
Ga., as "Downs Early Ripener " and grown under No. 17331. The 
identification of this variety, which has been more or less con- 
fused with Groit, has been confirmed by Mr. J. C. Little, who first 
named it New Era. The origin of the New Era cowpea is un- 
known, although it is certain that it is a variety of comparatively 
recent introduction. At least four other varieties in our collection 
have seeds like New Era. Two of these are from South Africa : 
the other two were obtained in this country. One of the African 
varieties, No. 20984, is extremely like New Era. The New Era 
cowpea has of late years become one of the important com- 
mercial cowpea s, being especially appreciated on acccount of its 
earliness, its erectness, and the rather small size of the seed. 
Occasionally it matures as far north as Connecticut, but this is 
unusual. It is somewhat inferior to Groit, which variety is likely 
to replace the New Era to a large extent. The pale color of the 
pods of New Era is a conspicuous feature which also characterizes 
all of its hybrids. 

21292. Catjang. From Bombay, India, September, 1907, under the vernacular 
name " Lal-rawani." Erect, vigorous, the branch tips a little viny, 
the row mass 24 to 36 inches high, 2 feet broad ; no trailing branches ; 
stems fine; leaflets small, medium in color, affected by rust; no 
flowers in 1908 in 127 days nor in 1909 in 133 days; flowers on 
greenhouse plants nearly white; seeds buff, oblong, about 4 by 6 

229 



104 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



mm. Very similar to 21602, but smaller leaved and more subject 
to rust. 

21292A. Catjang. This was mixed with 21292 and grown with it in 1909. Bushy, 
about 2 feet tall ; leaves pale, so badly attacked by rust that several 
plants were killed; pods rather few, straw colored, 4 inches long, 
the first maturing in 100 days ; seeds buff, oblong, 3 to 4 by 5 to 6 
mm. A worthless variety, more badly injured by rust than any 
other. 

21293. Catjang. From Pimjale Province, India. September, 1907, under the 

vernacular name " Rawan." Low, half bushy, moderately vigorous, 
the row mass 12 to 15 inches high, 1\ feet broad ; trailing branches 
rather few, 1 to 3 feet long ; leaflets medium in size and color, con- 
siderably affected by rust and by red leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet 
purple; very prolific; pods well filled, held erect, straw colored. 
4 to 5 inches long, the first maturing in about 80 days; seeds ob- 
long, cream or pale buff, about 4 by 6 mm. This variety has been 
grown for several years. It is remarkably distinct, but not of 
much value. 

21293A. Catjang. Mixed in the preceding. Procumbent, not vining, the row 
mass 12 to 14 inches high, 2 to 3 feet broad, rather sparse; trail- 
ing branches rather few, 1 to 2 feet long; leaflets dark, medium 
sized, much affected by rust and considerably by both red and white 
leaf spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; pods well filled, held erect, 
straw colored, 4 to 5 inches long, bursting and coiling readily, the 
first maturing in about 85 days; seeds small, oblong, pinkish buff, 4 
by 6 mm. Grown three seasons; not prolific in 1908 but fairly so 
in 1909 and 1910. Not a valuable variety. 

21293B. Catjang. Mixed in 21293. In size and habit exactly like 21293. The 
seeds, however, are white with a saddle of vinaceous cinnamon 
which sometimes extends over the micropylar end, oblong, about 
4 by 6 mm. Grown for three seasons. 

21293D. Catjang. Mixed in 21293. Procumbent, not vigorous, the trailing 
branches few, 1 to 3 feet long, not twining; row mass 10 to 14 
inches high, 30 inches broad; leaflets dark, medium sized, held 
late, much subject to rust and a little to red leaf-spot; flowers 
almost white ; quite prolific ; pods well filled, held erect and fairly 
high, straw colored, 5 to 51 inches long, thin, the first maturing in 
about 100 days ; seeds oblong, small, about 4 by 6 mm., white with 
a large black saddle and occasional isolated spots. Grown three 
seasons; in appearance practically identical to 21293A with buff 
seeds. (See PI. V.) 

21294. Catjang. From Madras Province, India, September, 1907, under the 

vernacular name " Carramunny-pyre." Half bushy, suberect, the 
row mass 24 to 30 inches high, 2 feet broad, rather sparse; trail- 
ing branches reddish, few, 2 to 4 feet long; leaflets medium sized, 
considerably subject to both rust and leaf-spot; flowers violet 
purple ; not prolific ; pods well filled, held high, drab, 4 to 5 inches 
long, the first mature in about 100 days; seeds cream buff to 
ochraceous buff, oblong, 4 by 6 mm. Of good habit but susceptible 
to rust and not prolific enough. 

21295. Catjang. From Pimjale Province, India, September, 1907. Suberect, 

bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 105 



broad; trailing branches medium in number, 1 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets medium in size and color, considerably affected both by 
rust and red leaf-spot; flowers almost white; prolific; pods well 
filled, held high, straw colored, 4 to 5 inches long, the first matur- 
ing in about 80 days; seeds white with a small buff eye, oblong, 
about 4 by 6 mm. 

21295B. Catjang. Mixed in 21295. Procumbent, not viny nor vigorous, the row 
mass 10 to 14 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches 1 to 3 
feet long ; leaves dark green, medium sized, much affected by rust ; 
flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held erect or nearly 
so, straw colored, 4 to 5 inches long, the first maturing in 100 days ; 
seeds 4 by 6 mm., marbled brown on buff. A very inferior variety. 

21295C. Catjang. Plants procumbent, not twining, row mass 6 to 10 inches 
high, 12 to 18 inches broad, sparse; trailing branches few, 1 to 2 
feet long ; leaflets medium in size and color, much affected by rust, 
and somewhat by red leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; pods rather 
few, well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 4 to 5 inches 
long, the first maturing in 80 days ; seeds dull black, oblong, about 
4 by 6 mm. A very poor variety. In habit about the same as 
21295G, which has marbled seeds. 

21295D. Catjang. Identical in habit with 21295, differing apparently only in 
the seeds, these being white with a large eye or saddle of buff, 
which sometimes extends over the micropylar end, about 4 by 
6 mm. 

21295E. Catjang. This is very similar in all respects to 21293, and the seeds 
and pods are hardly distinguishable; the first pods mature in 75 
days; grown for three seasons. 

21295F. Catjang. Procumbent, weak, the trailing branches few, 1 to 3 feet 
long, not vining; row mass 10 to 15 inches high, 1 to 2 feet broad, 
thin and uneven ; leaflets medium in size and color, narrow, quite 
angular, much subject to rust, and to red leaf -spot ; flowers almost 
white ; not prolific ; pods well filled, held rather low, straw colored, 

4 to 5 inches long, the first maturing in 80 days ; seeds oblong, 
about 4 by 6 mm. ; black and white, the black mostly about the eye, 
but often in one or two isolated spots. Grown two seasons; a 
variety of little value. 

21295G. Catjang. Half bushy, not viny, weak, the row mass 10 to 12 inches 
high. 18 inches wide; trailing branches few, 1 to 3 feet long; 
leaves dark green, much affected by rust; flowers violet purple; 
prolific ; pods well filled, held low, straw colored, 4 to 6 inches 
long, thin, the first maturing in about 80 days ; seeds oblong, about 

5 by 7 mm., brown marbled on buff. Earlier than and inferior to 
21295B. 

21296. Catjang. From Rangoon district, Burma, India, September, 1907, under 
the vernacular name "Chowlee." Plants procumbent, very viny, 
very vigorous, the row mass 22 inches high, 3 feet broad ; trailing 
branches many, 6 feet long, green, rather coarse; leaflets large, 
pale, free from rust and leaf-spot ; flowers almost white ; very late, 
no pods maturing at Arlington in 133 days in 1909, nor in 129 days 
in 1908; original seeds reniform, variable in size, mostly 7 to 8 
mm. long, white with a medium-buff eye. This is one of the most 

229 



106 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



vigorous varieties of catjang tested. Its habit is such, however, 
as to make it of little value uuder Americau conditions. 

21296A. Half bushy, very viny, the row mass 18 to 20 inches high, 2 to 2} 7 feet 
broad; trailing branches many, 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets dark, 
medium sized, immune to rust and not much affected by leaf-spot ; 
flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods fawn colored, flattened, strongly 
curved, many into complete circles, 6 to 8 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 90 days; seeds pinkish buff, rhomboid, about 
7 by 8 mm., rather strongly keeled. A curious but not valuable 
variety grown for two seasons. It seems to be identical with the 
variety described as Doliclios hicontortus Durien, and beautifully 
figured in the Flore des Serres (vol. 19, pi. 1985). Durieu*s 
material came from Japan. (See PI. VII.) 

21296B. Low. half bushy, rather vigorous, the row mass 12 to 18 inches high, 
3 to 4 feet broad; trailing branches many, 5 to 9 feet long; leaflets 
large, pale, immune to rust, little affected by leaf-spot ; not bloom- 
ing at Arlington either in 1908 or 1909; seeds 5 by 7 mm., white 
with a large buff saddle often extending over the micropylar end 
and scattered irregular spots on the back. This variety is too late 
to be of value. Is almost identical in habit with 21539B, which 
has closely similar seeds. 

21296D. Plants bushy, 6 to 12 inches high; trailing branches rather few, 1 to 3 
feet long; leaflets dark green, angular, much affected with rust; 
very late in blooming at Arlington Farm; seeds black, oblong, 
about 5 by 6 mm. 

21297. From Pimjale Province, India, September, 1907, where it is said to be 
known under the vernacular names of "Lobia," "Rawan," and 
"Rawang." Medium tall, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 20 
inches high, 3 feet broad; trailing branches green, many, 5 to 8 
feet long ; leaflets large, dark, somewhat subject to rust and to red 
leaf-spot; flowers pale, nearly white: moderately prolific; pods 
straw colored, 6 to 9 inches long, well filled, held rather low, the 
first maturing in about 90 days; seeds oblong, about 7 by 9 mm., 
■ white with a medium-sized black eye. A variety of ordinary merit, 
though subject to rust; the leaves were also much affected by 
chlorosis, many of them being nearly white. 

21297A. Procumbent, weak, the row mass 6 to 10 inches high, thin, 1 to 1* feet 
broad ; trailing branches not twining, few, 1 to 3 feet long ; leaflets 
dark, medium sized, considerably affected by both rust and red 
leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; not prolific; pods well filled, held 
low, straw colored, 4 to 41 inches long, the first maturing in about 
80 days, bursting readily when ripe and the valves curling; seed 
oblong, 5 to 6 by 7 to 8 mm. long, white, with a large black saddle 
which often extends over the micropylar end. Grown three sea- 
sons; an almost worthless variety. 

21297B. Very similar to 21297 but not so good; leaves were free from rust; 
seeds similar but the eye smaller. 

21297C. See 17855. 

21297D. Catjang. Plants identical in every respect with 21297A ; flowers white : 
seeds oblong, half crowder, buff, thickly speckled with blue like 
New Era, about 4 by 6 mm. Grown three seasons. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 107 



21297E. Catjang. Plants vigorous, the row mass 24 to 30 inches high, 3 feet 
broad; trailing branches many, 2 to 6 feet long, reddish; leaflets 
medium in size and color, considerably attacked by rust, and a 
little by red leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; not prolific ; pods 
well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 4 to 6 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds dull black, rhomboid, 
5 by 6 mm. This is a very distinct variety. It was much attacked 
by rust in 1908, but entirely free from it in 1909. In 1909 it was a 
good deal better than 20980A grown alongside. 

21299. From Piracicaba, Brazil, August, 1907. See 21006. 

21299A. See 21006A. 

21299B. Plants identical in every respect with 21299A. Seeds reniform, 
purplish buff to purple, speckled with blue, about 7 by 9 mm. ( See 
PI. IX.) 

21508. Catjang. From the Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Japan, May, 1907. Perfectly 

erect, bushy ; the row mass 12 to 18 inches high, 12 inches broad ; 
trailing branches very few, 6 to 12 inches long ; leaflets, medium in 
size and color, much affected by rust and by leaf-spot ; flowers pale 
Tiolet purple; moderately prolific; pods well filled, held high, pale, 
turning whitish before maturity but not becoming inflated, about 5 
inches long; seeds black, rather dull, oblong, about 5 by 7 mm. 
This variety is interesting in that it is strictly erect and bushlike 
and the branches vine only a little at the tips. The pods have 
something of the character of the asparagus bean, but do not 
become inflated; the pod valves when dry are very thin and 
brittle. On account of its erectness, this variety possesses some 
promise for hybridizing and has thus been utilized. It has been 
grown four seasons. (See PI. II.) 

21509. From the Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Japan, May, 1907. Erect, bushy, not 

at all viny, medium vigorous, the row mass 18 to 24 inches high, 
12 to 18 inches broad ; no basal branches ; leaflets medium in size, 
pale, rather angular, shed early, much subject to rust and con- 
siderably to leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; moderately pro- 
lific; pods held high, well filled, very thin valved, pale, 5 to 6 
inches long, the first maturing in 85 days ; seeds vinaceous cinna- 
mon, about 5 by 7 mm. Remarkable for being not at all viny, in 
this respect like the preceding. The immature pods become pale 
like the asparagus bean but not inflated, though shrinking much 
when dry. The variety may have value for breeding on account 
of its erect vineless habit. It has been grown four seasons. 
21509A. Suberect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches 
high, 1 foot broad; trailing branches moderately coarse, 2 to 3 
feet long; leaflets medium sized, free from rust, considerably af- 
fected by both red and white leaf-spot; flowers pale violet pur- 
ple; prolific; pods well filled, held high, straw colored, 4 to 5| 
inches long, the first maturing in about 75 days; seeds subreni- 
form, 5 by 7 mm., buff ; iris brownish yellow. A prolific variety of 
good habit with small pods. 

21510. From the Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Japan, May, 1907. Very similar in 

habit to 21508; erect, with very slight tendency to vine; flowers 
white; pods as in 21508; seeds subreniform, 5 by 7 mm., white 
with a large black eye. All the remarks under 21508 apply also 
to this variety ; grown four seasons. 

229 



108 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



21511. From Shanghai, China, June, 1907. Suberect, half busby, scarcely viny, 
the row mass 24 inches high and about as broad; trailing branches 
green ; leaves medium sized, free from rust, but much affected by 
red leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held 
high, straw colored, 5£ to 8i inches long, the first maturing in 
about 75 days, and all mature in 100 days; seeds black, subreni- 
form, 6 by 8 mm. This is a prolific, fairly good variety, which 
closely resembles 16796, but is decidedly more erect and bushy and 
its branch tips twine but little. It is exactly matched by 29918, 
from Hangchow, China. 

21535. Catjang. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India. November, 1907. the 

vernacular name given as " Burbudi." Procumbent, fifty, vigorous, 
the row mass 12 to 24 inches high. 3 to 3* feet broad, rather 
sparse; trailing branches many, 3 to 4 feet long; leaflets medium 
sized, dark, much affected by rust and somewhat by leaf-spot ; 
flowers almost white; pods few, straw colored, 4 to 5 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 120 clays: seeds white, with a buff eye. 
oblong, about 4 by 6 mm.; iris darker. Grown three seasons. 

21535A. Catjang. Suberect, viny, vigorous, the row mass 24 to 36 inches high 
and as broad but uneven; trailing branches 2 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets dark, medium sized, subject both to rust and leaf-spot; 
flowers pale violet purple; not prolific; pods well filled, held me- 
dium high, straw colored, 3£ to 4 inches long, the first maturing 
in 110 days ; seeds buff to vinaceous cinnamon, oblong rhomboid, 
3 by 5 to 4 by 6 mm. 

21535B. Catjang. Procumbent, vigorous, very viny, the row mass 30 to 36 
inches high, 3 to 4 feet broad; trailing branches many, 3 to 6 
feet long ; leaflets medium sized, dark, much affected by rust, little 
by leaf-spot ; flowers almost white ; pods few, straw colored, 3 to 
5 inches long, the first maturing in about 120 days; seeds 4 by 5 
mm., white with a large buff saddle which sometimes covers almost 
the entire seed; iris brown. This catjang is of no promise. It is 
practically identical in habit with 21535A, with buff seeds and 
21535, with brown-eyed seeds. It may in fact be a hybrid between 
those two. 

21536. Catjang. From the same source as 21535 and not distingushable from it. 

21537. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India. November. 1907. under the ver- 

nacular name " Jhunga." Procumbent to nearly prostrate, half 
bushy, very viny, not vigorous, the row mass 14 inches high, 18 
inches broad; trailing branches many, 5 to 7 feet long; leaflets 
large, dark, considerably affected both by rust and leaf-spot ; flowers 
almost white ; not prolific ; pods well filled, held rather low, straw 
colored, often purple tinged, 6 to 9 inches long, the first mature in 
100 days ; seeds oblong, half crowder, white with large black eye, 
about 6 by 8 mm. Grown three seasons; an undesirable variety. 
Several acres drilled in 1908 made a tangled mass of herbage 2 feet 
deep, not a single plant blooming. 

21538. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, October, 1907, vernacular name 

" Jhunga." Procumbent, very viny. vigorous, the row mass 12 to 
14 inches high, 4 feet broad; trailing branches many, 5 to 6 feet 
long ; leaflets large, held late, free from rust and leaf-spot ; 
flowers pale violet purple ; no pods maturing in 1909 in 130 days ; 
original seeds buff, variable, oblong to rhomboid, 5 to 6 by 7 to 
8 mm. 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



109 



21538A. This proved to be identical in every respect with 21539C. 
21538B. Nearly, if not quite identical with 21539. both as to habit and seed 
characters. 

21539. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, November, 1907, under the ver- 
nacular name " Khed jhunga." Procumbent, vigorous, very viny, 
the row mass 10 to 12 inches high. 3 to 4 feet broad; trailing 
branches few, 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets large, pale, much affected 
by rust, but without leaf-spot; not blooming at Arlington in 1909 
in 130 days ; original seed white with a large maroon saddle which 
commonly extends over the micropylar end, and usually a few 
scattered spots, subreniform. about 5 by 7 mm. 

21539A. Procumbent, very viny, vigorous; the row mass 18 inches high, 36 
inches broad; trailing branches many, 6 feet long, coarse; leaflets 
medium in size and color, little affected by rust and leaf-spot; 
flowers pale violet purple; pods few, scarcely maturing in 1909 in 
133 days, about 6 inches long ; original seeds maroon, subreniform, 
varying in size from 4 by 6 mm. to 6 by 7 mm. 

21539B. Procumbent, moderately vigorous, the row mass 1 foot high, 5 to 6 feet 
broad ; trailing branches 3 to 6 feet long, green, not coarse ; leaflets 
large, pale, much affected by rust, apparently free from leaf-spot ; 
flowers pale violet purple ; pods few, none ripening in 131 days ; 
seeds oblong, mostly 6 to 7 mm. long, the ground color white, with 
maroon covering the micropylar end and more or less of the 
chalazal end. the back remaining white ; iris black. Too prostrate 
as well as too late to be of much value. 

21539C. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India. Procumbent, very viny, vig- 
orous, the row mass 10 inches high, 2 feet broad ; trailing branches 
rather many. 4 to 5 feet long, green, medium coarse; leaflets 
medium in size and color, much affected by rust, little subject to 
leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; no pods ripening at Arlington 
in 1909 in 132 days ; seeds oblong, about 4 to 6 mm., white with a 
medium brown eye, the edges not sharply defined. None of this 
21539 series is of high value under American conditions except for 
green manuring. A large field of 21539 planted in 1908 made a 
dense, tangled mass of vines 2 feet deep, but no pods matured. 

21558. Asparagus bean. From Buitenzorg. Java, November, 1907. Vernacular 

name, " Katjang pandjang." Plants procumbent, very viny, the 
row forming a mass 8 to 12 inches high, 18 to 24 inches broad; 
trailing branches rather few, 3 to 9 feet long; leaves apparently 
immune to rust, and but little affected by leaf-spot; flowers pale 
violet purple ; prolific ; pods pale, moderately inflated. 10 to 20 
inches long, the first maturing in about 70 days ; seeds 5 by 10 to 
12 mm., brick red, longitudinally striate. 

21559. Asparagus bean. From Buitenzorg, Java, November, 1907. Vernacular 

name, " Katjang dadap." In growth and general appearance this 
can scarcely be distinguished from the preceding ; the seeds, how- 
ever, are different, buff with longitudinal stria?, 6 by 9 mm. Inter- 
mixed were four other varieties of practically identical appear- 
ance; 21559A, seeds reddish buff, striate, 5 by 10 mm.; 21559B. 
with similar seeds, 5 by 7 mm., nonstriate; 21559C, with smooth, 
buff seeds, 6 by 11 mm.; and 21559D, with smooth, buff seeds, 5 
by 9 mm. 

229 



110 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



21559C. In habit and pod characters this is like 22746. Seeds reniforin, 5 by 
10 mm. 

21560. From Buitenzorg, Java, November, 1907. Vernacular name, " Katjang 

belaet." This proved to be indistinguishable from 21558. 

21561. From Buitenzorg, Java, November. 1907, under the name " Katjang 

dadap." Very procumbent, very viny, moderately vigorous, the row 
mass 10 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches slender, 2 to 
4 feet long ; leaflets medium sized, free from rust, a little affected 
by both red and white leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple; prolific : pods 
well filled, held low, 12 to 15 inches long, straw colored, not at all 
inflated but the valves thin, the first maturing in 72 days; seeds 5 
by 8 mm., dark vinaceous. This variety is very similar to 22746, 
and is intermediate in botanical characters between the asparagus 
bean and the cowpea. 

21562. Asparagus bean. From Buitenzorg, Java, November, 1907. Vernacular 

name " Katjang dadap." Plant procumbent, very viny, the row 
forming a mass 10 to 12 inches high and 2 to 3 feet broad ; trailing 
branches few, 2 to 7 feet long; leaves a little affected by both rust 
and white leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; quite prolific; pods paie, 
spongy but not much inflated, 12 to 18 inches long, the first matur- 
ing in about 80 days; seeds 6 by 10 mm., buff, thickly marbled 
with brown. 

21563. Catjang. From Buitenzorg, Java, November, 1907. Vernacular name 

" Katjang roedji." Procumbent, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 
16 to 24 inches high, 3 to 4 feet broad; trailing branches many, 5 
to 10 feet long; leaflets large, medium dark, free from rust but 
somewhat subject to white leaf-spot ; flowers very pale violet pur- 
ple; pods straw colored, 5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 120 days; seeds vinaceous cinnamon, rhomboid, about 5 by 
6 mm. Grown three seasons; a more vigorous variety than Red 
Ripper 17350, but too late and viny. 

21564. Catjang. From Buitenzorg, Java, November, 1907, as " Katjang roedji." 

Mgorous, viny, the row mass 14 to 20 inches high, 4 to 5 feet broad ; 
rather sparse; trailing branches many. 3 to 6 feet long: leaflets 
medium sized, immune to rust and but slightly subject to leaf-spot, 
held late ; flowers violet purple ; pods few. well filled, held rather 
low, straw colored, 4 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in 105 
days; seeds pinkish buff, oblong, 4 by 6 mm. A good procumbent 
sort, but not fruitful enough. Different from the preceding. 

21565. Catjang. From Buitenzorg. Java, November, 1907, as " Katjang landes." 

Very procumbent, viny, the row mass very dense, 12 to 14 inches 
high, 3 to 4 feet broad ; trailing branches many. 3 to 5 feet long : 
leaflets dark, small, angular, thickish. free from rust and not 
much affected by leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple : pods very numer- 
ous, held erect, drab, 4 to 4£ inches long, bursting and coiling 
readily, the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds vinaceous 
buff, oblong, about 4 by 6 mm. A very distinct variety but of 
small value. 

21565A. Catjang. Procumbent, moderately vigorous, the row mass 8 to 15 
inches high, 2% to 3 or even 4 feet broad ; trailing branches many, 
1 to 3 feet long, fine ; leaflets small, dark, very angular, immune to 
rust but considerably affected by red leaf-spot; flowers white: 
very prolific ; pods well filled, held erect, drab colored, 3 to 4 inches 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



Ill 



long, the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds white with a 
small buff eye, oblong, about 3 by 5 mm. A remarkable variety of 
catjang or perhaps a distinct species, forming a compact, low mass 
covered with numerous erect peduncles and pods. Of no agri- 
cultural promise. Other varieties somewhat similar to this are 
21565 and 21934. 

21568. Asparagus bean. From Buitenzorg, Java, November, 1907. Vernacular 

name " Katj|ing belaet." Very similar in habit and appearance to 
21562, but a little later, the first pods maturing in about 90 days ; 
pods much inflated ; seeds colored like 21562 but a little more elon- 
gate, 5 by 10 to 12 mm. 
21568B. Asparagus bean, a variety found mixed with 21568, differing only in 
having seeds white at the chalazal end. 

21569. Asparagus bean. From Buitenzorg. Java, November, 1907. Vernacular 

name " Katjang dadap." Plants procumbent, very viny, the row 
forming a tangled mass 12 to 18 inches high, 2 to 3 feet wide ; 
trailing branches 3 to 8 feet long; leaflets dark, entirely free from 
rust and but little affected by leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; 
prolific; pods pale, 8 to 12 inches long, much inflated, the first 
maturing in about 80 days ; seeds 5 to 6 by 8 to 9 mm., buff, more 
or less thickly spotted and marbled with brown. One of the best 
varieties of asparagus bean. 

21569A. In habit and pod characters like 22746. Seeds 6 by 9 to 10 mm., pink- 
ish buff, marbled and spotted with brown. 

21569B. This differs from 22746 only in the color of the seeds, which are 
pinkish buff without spots. 

21599. Brabham. From Mr. A. W. Brabham, Olar, S. C, November, 1907. Tall, 
half bushy, the branch tips viny, very vigorous, the row mass 30 
to 36 inches high, 3 to 4 feet broad; trailing branches numerous, 
3 to 7 feet long; leaves held late, medium in size and color, im- 
mune to rust, a little affected by red leaf-spot; flowers violet- 
purple; very prolific; pods held high, well filled, straw colored, 
6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 100 days ; seeds rhomboid, 
buff, marbled with brown, 6 by 7 mm. This variety originated 
with Mr. A. W. Brabham, of Olar, S. C, as a natural hybrid be- 
tween Iron and Whippoorwill. It partakes of the characters of 
both parents, having the tall habit and prolificness of Whippoorwill, 
and the same resistance to wilt and root-knot and ability to hold 
its leaves late as the Iron. The only serious fault of this variety 
is the tendency of the viny tips to go largely to vine in moist sea- 
sons or on rich ground. Thus in 1907 and 1909 it produced but 
little seed though the vines were very large. Near Stockton, Cal., 
during the season of 1910 it made an enormous growth, but did 
not set a blossom, while Blackeye alongside fruited abundantly. 
Similar instances might be cited. Its enormous vegetative vigor 
requires to be checked by poor soil or drought before it will fruit 
abundantly. For the sandy lands of the South, especially where 
wilt and root-knot prevail, its high value is beyond question. 
About Brunson, S. C, this variety is called Speckled Rio. Indis- 
tinguishable from Brabham is 01510, received from Mr. S. M. 
Bailey, Jennings, S. C. Nos. 24414 and 26107 are lots grown from 
21599. 



112 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



21602. Catjang. From Nadiad, India, November, 1907, as Chavali. Erect, 
vigorous, tips of the branches vining. the row mass 30 to 40 inches 
high, 3 feet broad; no trailing branches; leaflets medium sized, 
pale, a little affected by rust and leaf-spot : did not bloom in 1908 
in 123 days, nor in 1909 in 133 days, nor at Monetta, S. ('.. in 
1909 in 120 days; seeds buff, oblong, about 4 by 6 mm. Nob. 21602, 
21292, and 22759, while different varieties, all have about the same 
habit, being more treelike in growth than any other catjang or 
any cowpea. Attempts are being made to combine this excellent 
habit of these varieties with greater earliness and fruitfulness. 
Agrostology No. 1488, from the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, 
New South Wales, under the name Upright, tested in 1907, is 
closely similar. Compare 21934. 

21003. From Katargam district, Surat, India, November, 1907. Vernacular 
name " Chola." Vigorous, viny, the row mass 24 to 30 inches high, 
3 to 4 feet broad; trailing branches 3 to 6 feet long: leaflets 
medium in size and color, free from rust, a little subject to white 
leaf-spot, held late; flowers violet purple; pods few, held rather 
low, not well filled, drab, 4 to inches long, the first maturing in 
110 days ; seeds pinkish buff, subreniform, about 5 by 7 mm. A 
large field of this planted in 1908 made a tangled mass 30 inches 
deep that was difficult to plow under. It is not so good as 21 ."<;4. 

21603A. Catjang. Very procumbent, viny, medium vigorous, the row mass 10 
to 12 inches high, 3 to 4 feet broad : branches green, medium in 
number. 3 to G feet long: leaflets medium in size and color, held 
late, free from rust but subject to red leaf-spot; flowers pale 
violet purple; pods few, held low, straw colored, torulose, about 5 
inches long, the first maturing in 101 days; seeds pink, about 4 
by 6 mm. A nearly worthless variety ; the leaves were badly 
affected by chlorosis : grown two seasons. 

21003B. Catjang. Procumbent, very viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 
12 to 16 inches high, 4 feet broad, sparse; trailing branches 3 to 
5 feet long; leaves medium in size and color, not affected by rust 
and but little by leaf-spot: flowers violet purple; pods few, 
spreading, held low, drab iu color, 5 to 6 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 85 days; seeds oblong, 5 by 7 mm., marbled 
brown on buff, much as in Whippoorwill. The above notes are 
for 1909. In 1910 the plants were much more bushy and erect, 
the row mass 2 feet high and 3 feet broad, the first pods maturing 
in about 100 days. (See PI. V.) 

21791. Asparagus bean. From Sibpur, Calcutta, India. January, 1908. as 

" Lobia."* No cultural notes ; original seeds reniform, reddish, 5 
by 10 mm. 

21792. From Sibpur, Calcutta, India, January, 1908. Procumbent, very viny, 

vigorous, the row mass 16 to 18 inches high, 3 to 4 feet broad; 
trailing branches many, slender, 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets of me- 
dium size and color, free from rust and leaf-spot; flowers violet 
purple; in 1909 no pods matured 130 days after planting; pods 
grown in greenhouse straw colored tinged with purple, 6 to 7 inches 
long, slender, 8 mm. wide; seeds vinaceous, oblong, about 5 by 6 
mm. Very late and viny besides being a shy bearer; grown only 
one season. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



113 



21793. From Sibpur, Calcutta, India, January, 1908. Seed of this planted at 
Arlington Farm did not grow. At Monetta, S. C, the plants were 
moderately vigorous, perfectly prostrate, with trailing branches 4 
to 6 feet long; leaflets medium in size and color, not affected by 
rust and but little by leaf -spot; planted June 8, 1909, they had 
neither flowers nor pods on September 7; original seeds subreni- 
forru, plump, usually transversely wrinkled, about 7 mm. long, 
white with a dark-brown or perhaps maroon eye. The habits are 
such as to make the variety worthless. 

21813. From Makassar, Celebes, January, 1908. Stems and branches prostrate 

or nearly so, 4 to 8 feet long, the row mass thin, 6 to 12 inches high, 
4 to 6 feet broad ; leaflets large, pale, free from leaf-spot but sub- 
ject to rust; very late, not even producing buds or fiowers at 
Arlington Farm in 130 days in 1908 or in 1909 ; at Monetta, S. C, 
in 1909, its behavior was very similar ; original seeds subreniform, 
white or cream colored with a brown iris, mostly about 6 by 8 
mm. Of striking habit and appearance but of no apparent value. 

21814. From-Makassar, Celebes, January, 1908. Similar in all respects to 21813, 

excepting as to seeds. The original seeds are subreniform, varia- 
ble in size, mostly about 5 by 7 mm., buff, marbled with brown as 
in Whippoorwill. 

21S15. From Makassar, Celebes, January, 1908. Similar in all respects to 21813, 
excepting as to the seed. The original seeds were subreniform, 
about 5 by 7 mm., white, mostly with a black eye, but some with a 
black saddle. 

21816. From Makassar, Celebes, January, 1908. This variety is identical in 

habit with 21813, differing only in the seeds, which are oblong, 
half crowder, about 6 by 8 mm., buff colored, the chalazal end fre- 
quently white. 

21817. This is similar in every way to 21813, excepting as to seeds. The original 

seeds are subreniform, about 5 by 8 mm., black. The five preceding 
varieties were grown two seasons and are remarkable for their 
very prostrate habit, the branches all lying flat on the ground. Ex- 
cept for the seeds they could not be distinguished from each otner. 
21832. Iron. From the N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga., January, 1908. 
See 8418. 

21934. Catjang. From Sydney, N. S. W., as " Upright," originally from India. 

Half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 12 to 20 inches high, 3 feet 
broad; trailing branches 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets small, dark, held 
late, free from rust but subject to red leaf-spot ; pods very numer- 
ous, held erect, drab colored, small, 4 inches long, the first maturing 
in 100 days; seeds oblong, buff, 4 by 5 mm. Isolated plants form 
circular compact masses almost covered with the erect pods. Under 
this name a variety is now commercial in New South Wales, but 
as represented by this lot it does not have much value under Arling- 
ton conditions. It has the same general appearance as 17376, 
21565, and 21565A, but is taller and better than any of those. No. 
21934 is very different from Agrostology No. 1488, received from 
the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, N. S. W., in 1902 as Upright. 
The latter is erect in habit and very much like 21602, if not identi- 
cal with it. (See PL V.) 

22050. Turneifs Blaclceye. From Amarillo, Tex., Experimental Farm, 1908, 
originally procured from Mr. Turney, Channing, Tex. Very simi- 

2968°— Bui. 229—12 8 



114 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



lar to Early Blackeye 17335, if not identical with it. In 1909, 
at Arlington Farm, it matured with that variety, but in 1910 was 
10 days earlier. It has been grown with marked success at 
Amarillo, Dalhart, and Chillicothe, all in the northern portion of 
Texas. Under conditions where other varieties produce scarcely 
any pods, it possesses the remarkable ability to produce good crops 
of seed. This was especially marked at Chillicothe in 1910, where 
in a season of extreme drought this variety produced a crop 
of seed, while a number of other varieties, including Whippoor- 
will, Brabham, Groit, and Iron, produced few or no pods. No. 
25857, from Venice, Italy, was indistinguishable from No. 22050 as 
grown at Arlington Farm in 1910, as were also the following lots: 
0423A and 0618A, from Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind. ; 01006, 
from Mr. C. M. Thompson, Bernice, La. ; and 01007, from Mr. Burr 
Osborn, Arthur, Okla. 

22051. Speckled Crowder. From Mr. J. B. Brewer, Tazewell, S. C, 1907. 

Plants low, half bushy, the row mass 12 inches high, 3 to 4 feet 
broad, thin ; prostrate branches, coarse, 3 to 5 feet long, not numer- 
ous; leaflets large, dark, immune to rust, a little affected by both 
red and white leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple : prolific ; pods well 
filled, held low, purplish tinged, 7 to 8 inches long, the first matur- 
ing in about 90 days ; seeds globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, buff 
speckled with blue, the blue specks arranged in groups. This 
variety is very similar to Taylor in all respects excepting as to 
the crowder character. No. 0565, a Speckled Crowder from Mr. 
J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., is somewhat taller and otherwise 
superior to 22051. It is matched by 01008, from Mr. J. P. Mason 
Ordsburg, Va. 

22052. Black Crowder. From Mr. Simeon Fippin, Cookeville, Tenn., 1907. Half 

bushy, somewhat procumbent, moderately vigorous, the row mass 
10 to 14 inches high, 2 to 3 feet broad; trailing branches coarse, 
mostly lying on the ground, 1 to 3 feet long; leaves medium sized, 
shed rather early, free from rust, but considerably affected by red 
and white leaf-spot : flowers violet purple ; moderately prolific : 
peduncles stout, erect; pods well filled, held medium high, straw 
colored or purplish, slightly torulose, 6 to 7 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 90 days ; seeds subglobose, somewhat compressed, 
about 8 mm. in diameter. Practically indistinguishable from this 
are the following lots : 0911, 014S0, 01487, from Mr, J. W. Trinkle. 
Madison, Ind. ; and 01027, from Mr. D. F. May. Buckeye, Ark. Dif- 
ferent only in being a week earlier is 0802, from Mr. George M. 
Simms, Canyon, Tex., and 17372, from Cairo, Ga., as Wight Black 
Crowder. (See Pis. V and X.) 

22053. From Mr. T. M. Marshall, Walnut Cove, N. C, 1907. Vigorous, viny. 

the row mass 22 inches high. 3 feet broad: trailing branches 
medium in number, 4 to 6 feet long ; leaflets large, dark, immune 
to rust, but somewhat affected by white leaf-spot; flowers pale 
violet purple; moderately prolific; pods well filled, held medium 
low, straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 
100 days ; seeds buff pink, subglobose, strongly keeled, 7 by 8 mm. 
This variety was grown for four seasons and is very similar 
to Michigan Favorite, but the plants are larger and taller. 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate X. 




Pods of Two Crowder Varieties of Cowpeas: No. 29285 on Left, No. 0802 
(Similar to No. 22052) on Right. 



(Two-thirds natural size.) 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



115 



22054. Volunteer. Grown by Mr. J. P. Hogan, Robinsonville, Miss., and pre- 

sented to the Department of Agriculture by Mr. Joseph Vaulx, 
Nashville, Tenn., who writes as follows: 

This pea has been grown near the mouth of the Arkansas 
River in Arkansas and across the Mississippi for at least forty 
years, having volunteered from year to year in all that time. 
It is apparently very prolific. 

Very viny, vigorous, the row mass 28 inches high and 3 feet 
broad; trailing branches many, 4 to 6 feet long, fine; leaflets dark, 
medium sized, held late, immune to rust and but little affected by 
leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; not very prolific ; pods well filled, 
held rather high, straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first matur- 
ing in about 110 days ; seeds pinkish buff, subrenif orin, about 5 by 
7 mm. Indistinguishable from this is 25512, Wild Louisiana cow- 
pea from the J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans, La. At Monetta, 
S. C, this variety matured pods in 1909 in 90 days, but otherwise 
closely resembled the plant as grown at Arlington Farm. This 
variety is one of the most vigorous of cowpeas, and of good habit, 
the principal objection to it being the small number of pods that it 
bears. Id general habit, it is similar to Iron. It has been grown 
three seasons. 

22055. Volunteering Iron. Seed from volunteer plants of Iron at Arlington 

Farm where this variety has volunteered abundantly since 1904. 
Attempts to increase this tendency have not been successful. In 
no case has a full stand resulted from fall sowing, either when the 
seed was allowed to scatter naturally or when planted. It is the 
onlv cowpea that volunteers abundantly at Arlingron Farm. 
22382. From Canton, Kwangtung, China, March, 1908. Procumbent, very viny, 
vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high. 30 inches broad: trailing 
branches green, many, 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets large, pale, not 
affected by rust, but a little subject to leaf-spot; flower color not 
noted ; pods very few, being barely matured when killed by frost in 
133 days, straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long ; seeds subreniform, about 
by 8 mm., white with medium black eye, somewhat wrinkled. A 
very distinct late variety. The internodes are long so that the 
leaves seem sparse. 

22391. From Manila, P. I., March, 190S, the original seed said to be from 
Venezuela. This proved identical with Iron. See 8418. 

22408. From Hongkong, Kwangtung, China. March, 1908. Plants, vigorous, 
medium, half bushy, the row mass 22 inches high, 3 feet broad; 
trailing branches many, 5 to 6 feet long; leaflets dark, medium 
sized, considerably subject to rust and a little to red leaf-spot ; 
flowers almost white ; prolific ; pods well filled, held high, straw 
colored or somewhat purplish tinged, 6 to 7 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 100 days ; seeds white with a buff eye, sub- 
reniform, about 5 by 7 mm. A very prolific, but rather late, va- 
riety of excellent habit, but subject to rust. 

22539. From Chefoo, Shantung, China, April, 1908. See 23307. 

22635. Ch inese Red. From Sheklung, Kwangtung, China, April, 1908. Low, half 
bushy, very viny. the row mass 18 inches high, 30 inches broad; 
trailing branches 3 to 4 feet long; leaflets dark, small, shed early, 
extremely subject to rust, free from leaf-spot; flowers violet 
purple ; not very prolific ; pods well filled, held medium high, straw 



116 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 75 days; 
seeds subreniform, vinaceous rufous, 5 by 8 mm. Very similar to 
17328, the seeds being identical. Habit fairly good, but too much 
subject to rust ; grown two seasons. 

22647. From Hangchow, Chekiang, China. April. 1908. See 16796. 

22648. Asparagus bean. From Hangchow, Chekiang, China, April, 1908. Sim- 

ilar to 22902. So badly affected by rust that many of the plants 
succumbed ; pods pale, moderately inflated, 10 to 15 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 70 days; seeds walnut brown. 4 to 6 by 
7 to 9 mm. ; iris nearly black. 
22648A. Asparagus bean. Intermixed in the above and distinguishable only 
by the color of the seeds which are pinkish buff. 

22715. From Prof. C. L. Newman. Clemson College. S. C, April, 1908: his 

No. 2, a hybrid between Blackeye and Taylor. In habit and gen- 
eral appearance this is practically identical with 17363; the pods 
are straw colored, some of them slightly purplish tinged, 7 to 8 
inches long ,the first maturing in about 90 days ; seeds white with 
a large saddle of the Taylor color that nearly always extends 
over the mieropylar end and usually with scattered spots of the 
same color on the back; iris nearly black. Practically identical 
with this is 22717, Prof. Newman's No. 9. a cross between Cali- 
fornia Blackeye and Taylor; and 22720, Prof. Newman's No. 50, 
Taylor X Large White-Spot. 

22716. Newman No. 4. From same source as 22715. said to be a hybrid between 

Blackeye (perhaps an error for Black) and Extra Early Black- 
eye. See 17427. 

22717. Newman No. 9. See 22715. 

22718. Newman No. 12. See 17427. 

22718B. Selection of 22718 in 1908, probably an extracted hybrid. A very 
vigorous vining variety, somewhat procumbent, the row mass2i feet 
high and as broad; trailing branches green, 3 to 5 feet long; 
leaflets medium sized, free from rust, a little affected by red leaf- 
spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held high, 
straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 85 
days ; seeds black, subreniform, 5 to 6 by 9 mm. This is one of the 
most vigorous of all the Black varieties grown. It is very similar 
to 27549, but better. No. 0630, from Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, 
Ind.. is not distinguishable from this. 

22719. Newman No. 10. See 17427. 

22720. Newman No. 13. See 17327. 

22721. Newman No. 16. See 17427. (See PL V.) 

22722. From Prof. C. L. Newman, April, 1908; his No. 26. Half bushy, viny. 

vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad ; branches few, 
coarse, about 3 feet long; leaves free from rust, much affected by 
leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held me- 
dium high, straw colored. 8 to 14 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 95 days; seeds purplish maroon, subreniform, 7 by 9 to 11 
mm. This has larger pods and seeds than any other variety with 
maroon seeds grown. Otherwise, it is very like 17350. 

22723. From Prof. C. L. Newman, April, 1908 ; his No. 27, said to be a selection 

from Clay. This is very similar in habit and maturity to 17340, 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



117 



but has different pods and seeds. Pods purplish tinged, 6£ to 
8 inches long; seeds rhomboid, buff, 6 by 7 mm., the iris yellow. 

22724. Clay Self-Seeding.— From Prof. C. L. Newman; his No. 28, April, 1908. 

Vigorous, very viny, the row mass 24 inches high, 3 feet broad; 
trailing branches many, 4 to 5 feet long; leaflets medium in size, 
pale, held low, immune to rust, little affected by leaf-spot ; flowers 
pale violet purple ; pods rather few, well filled, held medium high, 
straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 100 
days ; seeds pinkish buff, subreniform, rather strongly keeled, about 
7 to 8 mm.; iris brown. This variety is similar to 22054, but 
earlier and otherwise different. 

22725. Newman No. 43. See 17327 and Plate V. 

22726. Newman No. 50. See 22715. 

22727. From Prof. C. L. Newman, April, 1908; his No. 51, a cross between Taylor 

and Browneye. Suberect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the 
row mass 16 inches high. 18 inches broad; trailing branches few, 
short ; leaflets medium sized, shed early, free from rust, but much 
subject to red leaf-spot and somewhat to white leaf-spot; flowers 
pale violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held medium high, 
straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long, rather broad, the first maturing in 
about 75 days ; seeds 7 by 10 mm., white with a very small eye 
colored as in Taylor — that is, buff with small blue speckings; 
iris black. This variety has quite the same habit as Taylor and is 
about of equal value. 

22728. From Prof. C. L. Newman, April, 1908 ; his No. 53, said to be a hybrid 

between Warren's New Hybrid and Lady. Rather low, half 
bushy, vigorous, the row mass 12 to 30 inches high, 3 to 3$ feet 
wide; trailing branches many, twining, 2 to 5 feet long, fine; 
leaflets medium in size and color, not affected by rust and but 
little by leaf-spot; flowers almost white; pods few, held low, 
straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 120 
days; seeds white or yellowish white with a large saddle of buff, 
the saddle sometimes extending over the micropylar end, and often 
a few isolated spots of buff on the back; iris, olive, or yellow. 
Grown two seasons; not a desirable variety. 

22729. Newman No. 57. See 17422. 

22730. Newman No. 64. See 17408. 

22746. From Buitenzorg, Java, April. 1908. Plant procumbent, very viny, the 
row forming a mass 12 to 18 inches high, 2 to 3 feet broad; 
branches 2 to 4 feet long; leaflets dark, apparently immune to 
rust and leaf-spot; flowers violet purple, moderately prolific; pods 
7 to 10 inches long, narrow, not becoming pale or inflated, strongly 
falcate, rather thin, the first ripening in about 75 days; seeds 
reniform, 6 by 9 mm., dark vinaceous marbled with brown. This 
resembles the asparagus bean in the shape of the seeds and the 
length and slenderness of the pods. The pods, however, have the 
firm character of the cowpea pod and not the spongy texture of 
the asparagus bean pod. The plants are taller and decidedly less 
procumbent than the asparagus bean. It is quite likely that this 
variety is of hybrid origin, one parent being an asparagus bean 
and the other a cowpea. Following are a number of other varieties 
from Buitenzorg which have quite the same habit and pods as 

229 



118 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



22740 but differ mainly in the color of the seeds : 22747A, pink-red ; 
22747B, buff ; 22747C, marbled : 22747D, marbled with the chalazal 
end white ; 22747E and 22747G, buff with the chalazal end white ; 
21559C, buff; 21550D, buff; 21561, pink-red; 21569A, marbled; 
21569B, buff. (See PI. X.) 
22747. Asparagus bean. From Buitenzorg, Java, April, 1908. Plant procum- 
bent, viny, the row forming a mass 10 to 12 inches high, 2 to 3 
feet broad; branches 1 to 5 feet long; leaflets little affected by rust 
and leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; prolific ; pods pale, much 
inflated, 8 to 12 inches long, the first maturing in about 70 days; 
seeds 5 by 9 mm., spotted and marbled with brown. Everything 
considered, this is probably the best of all the true asparagus 
beans. 

22747A. Habit and pod characters essentially the same as 22740. Seeds 5 to 6 
by 8 to 9 mm., vinaceous to vinaceous buff. 

22747B. Procumbent, viny. weak, the row mass thin, 12 to 14 inches high, 3 
feet broad; trailing branches green, slender, 3 feet long; leaflets 
dark green, medium sized, shed early, free from rust, much 
affected by white leaf-spot; flowers violet purple: moderately 
prolific; pods medium well filled, held low, not inflated, straw 
colored, 7 to 10 inches long, the first maturing in about 75 days; 
seeds buff, subreniform, 5 by 8 mm. A poor variety. 

22747C. This differs from 22740 only in the seed character. Seeds by 9 
mm., vinaceous cinnamon marbled with brown. 

22747D. Habits identical with 22740. Seeds 5 by 9 mm., vinaceous cinnamon 
marbled with brown, the chalazal end white. 

22747E. Different from 22746 only in the seeds. Seeds by 8 mm., buff with a 
white wedge-shaped area at the chalazal end. 

22747G. Asparagus bean. Found mixed in 22747 and of essentially the same 
habit ; seeds by 9 mm., buff marked with darker longitudinal 
stria?, the chalazal end white. 

2275S. Catjang. From Dharwar District, Bombay. India. April, 1908. Rather 
tall, half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 24 to 30 inches high, 3 
to 4 feet broad; trailing branches rather few. 2 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets medium sized, pale, not affected by rust, little affected by 
leaf-spot ; not blooming at Arlington Farm in 1909 in 133 days nor 
at Monetta, S. C, in 114 days: seeds plump, oblong, white with a 
large buff eye, about 4 by mm. This catjang has a good habit, 
but is entirely too late to be of much value. 

22759. Catjang. From Surat. India, April, 1908. This variety is nearly iden- 

tical with 21602, but is apparently immune to rust; grown for 
three seasons. 

22760. From Surat, India, April. 1908. Plant procumbent, viny, vigorous, the 

row mass 12 to 24 inches high, 3 to 5 feet broad, but erect; 
branches few, 2 to 6 feet long, coarse: leaflets large, medium 
green, free from rust but considerably affected by leaf-spot; 
flowers nearly white: pods few, medium well filled, the first ma- 
turing in about 120 days; seeds subreniform, some finely cross 
wrinkled, 5 to 7 mm. long, white with a small to medium-sized 
buff eye. In 1908 a large quantity of this seed was sown broad- 
cast on June 22, and made a very tangled mass of vines about 18 
inches deep. At Monetta, S. C, in 1909, it was almost completely 
destroyed by wilt and did not form blossoms. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 119 



22887. Asparagus bean. From Swatow, Kwangtung, China, May, 1908. Plants 
procumbent, very viny, vigorous, the row forming a mass 14 
inches high, 2 to 3 feet broad; branches 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets 
large, apparently not subject to rust; flowers nearly white; not 
very prolific; pods much inflated, pale, 8 to 12 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 100 days; seeds white, red about hilum, 
this color usually extending over the micropylar end, 5 by 9 mm. 
A vigorous late variety. 

22S88. Catjang. From Swatow, Kwangtung, China, May, 1908. Not vigorous 
nor viny, the row mass 10 to 14 inches high, 12 to 18 inches broad ; 
branches few, 1 to 3 feet long; leaflets medium in size and color, 
much affected by rust and leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; prolific ; 
pods well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 4 to 5 inches 
long, the first maturing in 80 days; seeds pinkish buff to ochra- 
ceous buff, oblong, 4 by 6 mm. This is similar in all respects to 
21295E and 21293A, but is better than either. One of the best of 
the early catjangs but too subject to rust. (See PI. VI.) 

22902. Asparagus bean. From Paoting, Chihli, China. Chinese name " Tsai 

don." Plant procumbent, very viny, the row forming a mass 12 
inches high, 18 inches broad ; branches few, 1 to 3 feet long ; leaf- 
lets dark, very much affected with rust; flowers pale violet pur- 
ple; not very prolific; pods pale, much inflated, 6 to 12 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 70 days; seeds 6 by 9 mm., 
vinaceous cinnamon. 

22903. From Paoting, Chihli, China, April, 1908. Low, half bushy; the row 

mass 12 inches high, 18 inches broad ; trailing branches few, 2 
feet long; leaflets medium sized, dark, considerably affected both 
by rust and leaf-spot; pods well filled, held high, straw colored, 
often purplish tinged, 5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 85 days; seeds oblong rhomboid, about 5 by 7 mm., white 
with a maroon saddle that extends over the micropylar end and 
usually in a few scattered spots. This variety is nearly identical 
in habit with 18617, as well as in the color of the seeds. 

22929. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, May, 1908. Plants vigor- 

ous, nearly prostrate, the row mass 6 to 12 inches high, 6 feet 
broad, rather sparse ; trailing branches 3 to 9 feet long ; leaflets 
large, pale, not affected by rust, but with some red leaf-spot; very 
late, not blooming at Arlington Farm in 1908 in 130 days, nor in 
1909 in 129 days. As grown in the greenhouse, the pods were 
purple, 6 or 7 inches long; seeds buff, more or less tinged with 
violet, subreniform, about 6 by 8 mm. Grown two seasons. This 
and the following four numbers from the same source are very 
similar in growth, the principal differences being in the seeds. All 
are too sprawling to be desirable. 

22930. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, May, 1908. Differs from 

the preceding only in the seed and the purple coloration of the 
stems and leaves. In greenhouse-grown plants the pods are purple 
violet, 7 to 8 inches long; the seeds vary from buff to dark violet 
even on the same plant, but are mostly buff, more or less clouded 
with violet, rhomboid, about 6 by 7 to 8 mm. This variety is very 
similar to, if not identical with, 21006. 

22931. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, May, 1908. See 22929. 

In greenhouse-grown specimens the pods were straw colored, 6 to 

229 



+« 



120 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

7 inches long; the seeds are very similar to those of New Era, 
21088, though hardly as thick. 

22932. From Mount Belinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, May, 1908. See 22929, 

with which it is practically identical in growth and habit. Pods 
grown in the greenhouse are straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long ; seeds 
black, mostly about 6 by 7 mm. ; Nos. 26399 and 26400, from the 
same source, grown in 1910, are apparently identical. 

22933. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, May, 1908. See 22929, 

w T ith which it agrees in habit ; original seeds rhomboid, 8 by 9 
mm., buff, thickly speckled with blue, almost identical with those of 
Speckled Crowder, 22051. 

22935. Asparagus bean. From Tekhoe, via Foochow, Fukien, China. June. 

1908. Plants procumbent, viny, not very vigorous, the row forming 
a mass 10 inches high, 16 inches broad ; trailing branches few, 1 
to 3 feet long; leaves much affected with rust, and also with 
leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods purple, mod- 
erately inflated, 12 to 20 inches long, the first mature in about 70 
days ; seeds 6 by 10 mm., vinaceous, with darker longitudinally 
impressed striae; iris dark. 

22935A. Asparagus bean. Mixed in 22935; differs only in having pale pods and 
reddish-purple smooth seeds. 

22938. From Para, Brail, June, 1908, as " Feijao manteiga." Original seeds 
subreniform, variable, 3 to 4 by 5 to 7 mm., white. None would 
germinate. 

22958. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, June, 1908. Very similar 

in habit and general appearance to Nos. 22929, 22930, 22931. 
22932, 22933, and 22959, all from the same source. The original 
seeds are rhomboid, about 6 by 6 mm., black more or less marbled 
with buff, or buff more or less marbled with black, the buff 
speckled with fine blue dots, as in Taylor. From the color of the 
seeds, this is evidently a cross between a black, such as 22932, and 
a speckled, like 22933. All of the plants grown in the greenhouse, 
however, produced seeds like the original with one exception, in which 
the seeds were buff, and practically identical with 22960. The 
variety is remarkable for the swollen base of the stem, which 
character is also transmitted to its hybrids. (See PI. XI.) 

22959. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, June. 1908. In all 

respects except seed like the preceding and 22929, procumbent, 
very vigorous, the row mass about 2 feet high, 3 to 4 feet broad : 
branches many, 3 to 5 feet long; leaves large, rather dark; not 
blooming in 1908 in 130 days. In greenhouse-grown specimens the 
flowers were violet purple; the pods are reddish purple, 7 to 8 
inches long; seeds maroon purple, rhomboid, 8 by 9 mm. 

22960. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, South Africa, June, 1908. In vegetative 

characters not distinguishable from the preceding; in greenhouse- 
grown specimens the pods are purple or purple spotted, 6 to 7 
inches long; seeds buff, rhomboid, 5 to 6 mm. long, rather angular, 
and practically indistinguishable from those of Iron. This is very 
similar to 22929, but lacks the violet color on the seeds. No. 26405 
from the same source proved identical. It is also very similar to 
24341, from Pretoria. 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate XI. 




Greenhouse-Grown Plant of Cowpea No. 22958, Showing the Peculiar 
Swelling on the Base of the Stem Characteristic of This Variety. 



(Natural size.) 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 121 



23214. Asparagus bean. From Tangsi, Chekiang, China, July, 1908. Chinese 
name " Chang kiang tou." Vigorous, procumbent, very viny, the row 
mass 12 inches high, 2 to 2\ feet broad ; branches few, 3 to 4 feet 
long; leaves dark, much affected by rust; flowers pale violet 
purple ; prolific ; pods much inflated, 10 to 14 inches long, pale, the 
first maturing in about 100 days; seeds 6 by 10 mm., reddish to 
purplish buff, longitudinal striae. The longitudinal darker lines 
that occur on the seeds of this and other varieties are peculiar. 
They vary in number, sometimes appearing on only one side of 
the seed. In general they are all parallel to the margins of the 
seed. They present somewhat the appearance of being due to 
pressure from the pod, but as they are conspicuous on the im- 
mature seeds in soft green pods, this idea is scarcely tenable. 

23307. From Peking, Chihli, China, February, 1908. Procumbent, moderately 
vigorous, the row mass 10 to 12 inches high, 3 feet broad, dense; 
branches rather few, 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets dark, medium 
sized, somewhat affected both by rust and leaf-spot; flowers pale 
violet purple ; fairly prolific ; pods well filled, held low, straw 
colored, the first maturing in 132 days; at Monetta, S. C, the 
first pods matured in 70 days, all in 90 days; seeds 6 by 7 to 8 
mm., oblong, buff marbled with brown, usually a small area at the 
chalazal end white; iris brown. Indistinguishable from this is 
22539, from Chefoo, Shantung, China. It is also very similar 
to 17849. 

23307A. Low, half bushy, moderately weak ; the row mass 6 to 12 inches high, 
3 feet broad; traliing branches few, 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets, 
medium in size and color, somewhat affected by rust, free from 
leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; not prolific; pods rather poorly 
filled, held low, straw colored or somewhat purplish, 5 to 8 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 85 days; seeds oblong rhomboid, 
about 6 by 8 mm., vinaceous cinnamon to vinaceous excepting the 
chalazal end which is white. 

23307B. Low, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 12 inches high, 
16 inches broad ; trailing branches rather few, 18 inches long ; 
leaflets medium sized, dark, considerably affected by rust and much 
by leaf-spot; flowers almost white; not prolific; pods medium 
well filled, held rather low, straw colored or some faintly tinged 
with purple, 5 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 90 
days; seeds oblong, about 5 by 7 mm., white with a large saddle 
of maroon which extends over the micropylar end and usually 
with a few scattered spots. A small, nearly worthless variety 
similar to 22903 but not identical with it. 

23307C. In habit and date of maturity not distinguishable from 23307. Pods 
straw colored, 5 to 6 inches long; seeds subreniform, 5 by 7 mm., 
all but the chalazal end maroon marbled with black; chalazal 
end white, this usually covering one-fifth to one-fourth of the seed. 

23307D. Somewhat procumbent, half bushy, not vigorous, the row mass 10 to 
12 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches 1 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets medium sized, dark, free from rust, very much affected 
by both red and white leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; mod- 
erately prolific ; pods well filled, held low, pinkish to straw colored, 
5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 80 days ; seeds sub- 

229 



122 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



reniform, 5 by 7 to 8 mm., white with a large saddle of buff; iris 
olive. This variety has seeds similar to 17339, but is much inferior. 

23328. Asparagus bean. From Canton, Kwangtung, China, July. 1908. Plants 
procumbent, vigorous, viny, the row forming a mass 8 inches high, 
about 2 feet broad ; vines 4 to 6 feet long ; leaflets large, pale, much 
affected with rust ; not very prolific ; pods pale, moderately inflated, 
12 to 24 inches long, the first maturing in about 100 days ; seeds 
red, with a small white area at the chalazal end, G by 10 mm. 

23524. From Chungking, Szechwan, China, August, 1908. Suberect, half bushy, 
moderately vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high and as broad: 
leaflets medium sized, free from rust, much affected by white leaf- 
spot; flowers violet purple; moderately prolific; pods poorly filled, 
held medium high, straw colored, the first maturing in 70 days; 
seeds subreniform, smooth, 5 by 8 mm., buff; iris olive. A very 
poor variety. 

23720. From the Province of Inhambane, Portuguese East Africa, September, 

1 90S. Plants very procumbent, vigorous, very viny, the row mass 
about 18 inches high, 4 to 5 feet broad; trailing branches rather 
numerous, 3 to 8 feet long, very coarse; leaflets large, pale, not 
affected by rust or leaf-spot; did not bloom at Arlington in 1009 
in 132 days. At Monetta, S. C. in 1909, its habit was identical 
with that at Arlington, but it produced blossoms and young pods 
in 115 days: original seeds half crowder about 7 by 10 mm., buff, 
thickly speckled with blue, the blue specks arranged in groups. 

23721. From Portuguese East Africa, September, 1908. Plant procumbent, vig- 

orous, very viny, the row mass 20 inches high 4 feet broad ; trailing 
branches many, 4 feet long, coarse; leaflets large, dark, not affected 
by rust nor by lea f -spot : flowers violet purple; not prolific; no 
pods maturing at Arlington in 133 days; original seed buff, oblong 
or rhomboid, about 7 by 7 mm. 

23760. From Chile, October 1908, under the name " Correguela." Indistinguish- 
able in 1910 from 17335. 

23959. Asparagus bean. From Peking, Chihli, China, October. 1908. Chinese 
name " Yueng pian doh." No cultural notes ; original seeds reni- 
form, 5 by 9 mm., pink to reddish. 

24185. Smallpox. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, November, 1908, under the 

name of " Smallpox bean." Procumbent, viny, vigorous, coarse, the 
row mass 12 to 16 inches high, 4 feet broad, dense; trailing 
branches many, 3 to 6 feet long ; leaflets dark, medium sized, free 
from rust, but with some red leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; 
pods few, rather poorly filled, held low, straw colored, strongly fal- 
cate, 8 to 9 inches long, the first mature in 100 days ; seeds subreni- 
form about 7 by 10 mm., vinaceous buff marbled with brown ; grown 
two seasons. Not a desirable variety. At Monetta, S. C, this 
variety was much affected by wilt and had not bloomed at the end 
of 90 days. It is very closely similar to 23307. 

24186. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, November, 1908. Procumbent, very 

viny, vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2\ feet broad; trailing 
branches many, 4 feet long, rather coarse; leaflets large, dark, not 
affected by rust and but little by leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet pur- 
ple; no pods maturing in 133 days. At Monetta, S. C, this variety 
succumbed to wilt and produced neither flowers nor pods in 112 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



123 



days. Original seed pinkish-buff, oblong or rhomboid, about 8 by 
10 mm., very conspicuously keeled on the back. Grown only in 1909. 
24186A. Procumbent, viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high, 
3 feet broad, thick: trailing branches slender, 3 to 5 feet long, 
green; leaflets medium sized, free from rust, much affected with 
red leaf-spot; moderately prolific; pods well filled, somewhat in- 
flated, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 85 days ; seeds 
thick, irregular in form, strongly keeled, about 9 mm. long, pink 
with the chalazal end white; iris brown. A distinct but poor va- 
riety. It is probably a cross between a cowpea and an asparagus 
bean. 

24186B. From a single plant found in 24186 at Arlington Farm, 1900. Suberect, 
half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 15 inches high, 18 
inches broad ; leaflets dark, free from rust, considerably affected 
by white lea f -spot ; flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods well 
filled, held medium high, straw colored. 7 to 9 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 75 days; seeds rhomboid, a little longer 
than broad, G to 7 mm. long, sharply keeled, not thick, buff, the iris 
brown An early variety very different from any other with buff 
seeds. 

241 87. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China. November, 1908. Vigorous, very viny, 

the row mass 20 inches high, 3 feet broad; trailing branches 
many, 4 to 7 feet long, course, green ; leaflets large, dark, held low, 
not affected by rust but considerably by white leaf-spot ; flowers 
violet purple; pods few, fairly well filled, held rather low, straw 
colored or slightly purplish, 7 to 9 inches long, the first maturing 
in 100 days; seeds buff pink, subreniform, about 6 by 8 mm. At 
Monetta, S. C, this variety ripened its first pods in 1909 in about 
60 days and all the pods were ripe in 90 days. It has no particular 
merit. Grown only one season. It is closely similar to 18519. 

24188. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, November. 1908. Procumbent, viny, 

vigorous, the row mass 8 to 12 inches high. 3 to 4 feet broad; 
trailing branches medium coarse, green. 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets 
large, medium in color, free from rust, somewhat affected by leaf- 
spot, held late ; flowers almost white ; pods few, held medium low, 
straw colored, 6 to 7 inches long, the first barely matured when 
killed by frost in 133 days ; seeds subreniform, 6 by 8 mm., white 
with a large black eye and occasionally one or two isolated black 
spots. At Monetta, S. C, the plants were a little larger but similar, 
though forming no blossoms or pods at all. A very late, distinct 
variety, but too low and sprawling. 

24189. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, November, 1908. See 16796. 

24190. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China. November, 1908. Vigorous, very viny, 

the row mass 24 to 30 inches high, 2^ feet broad ; trailing branches 
many, about 3 feet long; leaflets medium in size and color, free 
from rust and but little subject to leaf-spot ; flowers almost white : 
pods few, the first nearly matured when killed by frost in 133 days, 
straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long ; seeds oblong, about 4 by 7 mm., 
white with a small black eye. At Monetta, S. C, this variety be- 
haved nearly the same as at Arlington ; all the plants were dead 
from wilt October 1, 1909, and no pods ripe. 

229 



124 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



24191, From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, November, 1908. Half-busby, vigorous, 

the row mass 24 to 30 inches high, about 3 feet broad ; trailing 
branches many, 3 to 4 feet long ; leaflets medium in size and color, 
considerably affected by rust, and somewhat by both red and white 
leaf-spot; flowers nearly white; prolific; pods medium well filled, 
held medium high, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first ma- 
turing in about 120 days; seeds subreniform, small, white with 
small black eye, about 4 by 7 mm. A late prolific Blackeye of good 
habit, but subject to rust; grown two seasons. 

24192. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, November. 1908. Low, half-bushy, 

vigorous, the row mass 24 inches high, 30 inches broad ; trailing 
branches medium in number. 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets medium in 
size and color, free from rust and leaf-spot; flowers almost white; 
pods few, held rather low, straw colored. 4 to 6 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 125 days ; seeds white with buff eye, sub- 
reniform, about 4 by 6 mm. At Monetta, S. C, in 1909, this grew 
somewhat larger, but produced neither flowers nor pods in 120 
days. 

24213. Asparagus bean. From Chile, December. 1908, under the name Monkey's 
Tail. Seeds reddish, reniform, 5 to 6 by 10 to 11 mm. No cultural 
notes. 

24341. From Pretoria, Transvaal, December, 1908. Vigorous, viny, the row mass 
20 inches high, 2\ feet broad; trailing branches medium in number, 
3 feet long, coarse; flowers pale violet purple; leaflets dark, 
medium sized, held late, not affected by rust, but considerably by 
white leaf-spot; fairly prolific; pods well filled, held medium low, 
straw colored or somewhat purplish tinged, 5 to 7 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 100 days; seeds pinkish buff, rhomboid, 
strongly keeled, about 6 by 7 mm. An undesirable variety. 

24341 A. Half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 12 to 20 inches high. 3 
feet broad, rather sparse; trailing branches few, 2 to 3 feet long: 
leaflets medium sized, dark, free from rust and leaf-spot: flowers 
violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held medium high, straw 
colored, 5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 85 clays: 
seeds rhomboid, 6 by 7 mm., buff, thickly and minutely speckled 
with blue. The seeds of this are practically identical with New 
Era, and the plant in its habit suggests that variety. It is, how- 
ever, much more viny and slender. Grown two seasons. 

24341B. Catjang. Plant half bushy, viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 
20 to 30 inches high; branches few, 2 to 3 feet long, dark purple: 
leaflets medium sized, free from rust, but with some white leaf- 
spot ; flowers violet purple; pods many, well filled, held medium 
high, drab in color, the first maturing in about 90 days, 4* to 5 
inches long; seeds maroon, rhomboid, 5 mm. long. A tall, slender, 
distinct variety with about the same habit as 24341. 

24341C. Low, half bushy, the branches spreading, moderately vigorous, the row 
mass 12 to 20 inches high, about 3 feet broad ; trailing branches 
few, 1 to 3 feet long, purple colored; leaflets medium sized, dark, 
purple tinged, free from rust and leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple : 
moderately prolific ; pods well filled, held low. straw colored or 
somewhat purplish tinged, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 90 days; seeds rhomboid, about 6 by 7 mm., buff to violet, 
usually buff more or less clouded with violet, the iris olive brown. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 125 



This variety closely resembles 29277, but is larger and looser in 
habit, and too procumbent to be desirable. 
24341D. Procumbent, viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 12 inches high, 
3 feet broad; trailing branches rather few, 3 to 4 feet long; 
flowers purple ; leaflets dark, medium sized, held late, not affected 
by rust, but considerably by leaf-spot; pods well filled, held low, 
straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 80 
days; seeds fawn colored, rhomboid, about 6 by 7 mm. Only one 
plant of this variety grew, and it could not be identified with any 
other. While the seeds closely resemble that of Iron, the plant is 
very different. Excepting for the seed, it scarcely differs fro"m 
24341. 

24414. Brabham, Progeny of 21599. 

24566. From Central Asia, December, 1908. Low, half bushy, moderately vigor- 
ous, the row mass 16 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches 
few, 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets dark, medium sized, much affected 
by rust and somewhat by leaf-spot; flowers almost white; not 
prolific; pods moderately well filled, held rather high, straw 
colored or somewhat purplish tinged, 5 to 6 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 100 days ; seeds yellowish white with small buff 
eye, oblong-rhomboid, about 5 by 7 mm. Very similar to 17329. 
but not so good. 

24566A. Low, half bushy, very viny, not vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high. 

2 feet broad; trailing branches few, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets 
medium in size and color, shed early, affected by both rust and 
leaf-spot; flowers nearly white; not prolific; pods not well filled, 
held rather low, straw colored, often purplish tinged, 8 to 9 inches 
long, the first maturing iu 100 days ; seeds subreniform, about 6 
by 8 mm., some of them wrinkled, white with medium black eye. A 
very poor but distinct variety. Grown two seasons. 

24566B. Moderately vigorous, half bushy, the row mass 16 inches high, 18 
inches broad ; trailing branches many, 2 to 4 feet long ; leaflets 
medium in size and color, much affected by rust but little by leaf- 
spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; pods many, poorly filled, held 
rather high, straw colored, purplish tinged, 5 to 6 inches long, 
the first maturing in 100 days ; seeds buff, rhomboid, 5 by 7 mm. A 
poor variety with the habit of 17335. 

24566C. Rather procumbent, vining but little, not vigorous, the row mass 
12 inches high, 18 inches broad; branches few, 2 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets small, much affected by rust and considerably by red leaf- 
spot; flowers almost white; pods many, well filled, held low, 
purple when immature, more or less purplish when ripe, the first 
maturing in about 90 days; seeds subreniform, about 5 by 7 mm., 
black-and-white blotched, the black mainly about the hilum and 
the micropylar end, but usually with isolated spots also. A dis- 
tinct but not desirable variety ; too subject to rust. 

24597. Iron. From Bolgiano & Co., Washington, D. C, January, 1909. See 
8418. 

24918. WhippoorwM. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Ya., March, 1909. 

See 17349. 

24919. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Ya., March, 1909, as " Red Ripper." 

Very similar in all respects to 17350, but somewhat larger and 

229 



126 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



nearly a month later, the first pods maturing in about 120 days. 
The seeds and pods are practically indistinguishable. 
24920. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., March, 1909, as " Wonderful." 
No cultural notes. 

25016. From Khartum, Sudan, March, 1909, under the vernacular name "Masri." 

This is very similar to Early Blackeye 17335. but somewhat in- 
ferior. In 1910 the pods were badly diseased and distorted, ap- 
parently by the same disease which affects so many other varieties 
of cowpeas. 

25016A. Low, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high, 
20 inches broad ; trailing branches rather few, 3 to 5 feet long, 
coarse; leaflets small, dark, much affected by rust and con- 
siderably by the red leaf-spot; flowers almost white; not prolific; 
pods poorly filled, held medium low, straw colored, 5 to 6 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 90 days; seeds transversely 
wrinkled, white with a large buff eye. about 6 by 8 mm. 

25016B. In habit very similar to 25016A, but a little smaller and a few days 
earlier. Seeds white, smooth, or transversely wrinkled, with gray- 
ish eye, about 5 by 7 mm. 

25078. Groit. From Coulterville, 111., March, 1909. See 17334. 

25088. Early Red. From Mr. J. D. McLouth, Muskegon. Mich.. March, 1909. 

Half bushy, moderately vigorous, viny. the row mass 16 to 18 
inches high, 2 to 3 feet broad; trailing branches 3 to 4 feet long; 
leaflets free from rust, considerably affected by red leaf-spot; 
flowers violet purple: prolific; pods slightly tinged with purple, 

7 to 8 inches long, held medium low, the first maturing in 80 to 90 
days; seeds maroon, subreniform or somewhat rhomboid, 6 by 

8 mm. The same variety has been obtained from J. H. McLean 
& Sons, Eatontown, N. J., and grown under 0895. Mr. McLouth 
writes as follows about this variety : " My seed of this has been 
grown from a solitary plant found in a field of Whippoorwill in 
1905. It is by far the best I have grown in its earliness and 
abundant pod production." A fairly good, medium-early variety. 

25144. Catjang. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, March. 1909. Plants half 

bushy, rather vigorous, quite viny, the row mass 12 to 14 inches 
high; trailing branches many, 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets medium 
in size and color, much subject to rust and a little to red leaf- 
spot; flowers violet purple; pods many, well filled, held high, 
drab in color, 4 to 5 inches long, the first maturing in about 88 
days; seeds rhomboid, vinaceous. 5 to 6 mm. Not of much value; 
too much subject to rust. 

25145. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, March, 1909. Very procumbent to 

nearly prostrate, viny, vigorous, the row mass 12 to 15 inches 
high, 3 feet broad ; trailing branches many, 3 to 6 feet long, green ; 
leaflets very large, much affected with rust ; flowers violet purple ; 
not prolific ; pods strongly keeled, well filled, held low, straw 
colored. 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 110 days; seeds 
brick red, darkening to maroon purple, rhomboid, about 6 by 8 mm. 
A very distinct but not valuable variety. 

25146. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, March, 1909. Low, half bushy, viny, 

medium vigorous, the row mass 12 to 15 inches high. 4 feet broad ; 
trailing branches many, 3 to 5 feet long ; leaflets large, dark, quite 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



127 



subject to rust and to leaf-spot, shed rather early; flowers pale 
violet purple; pods few, held medium high, drab, 8 to 9 inches 
long, the first maturing in 90 days ; seeds subreniform, 6 by 8 mm., 
vinaceous, with a dark iris. This variety has the habit of Red 
Ripper, but is too much subject to rust to be of value. Grown 
only one season. 

25147. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, March, 1909. Low, half bushy, vigorous, 

the row mass 22 inches high, 3 feet broad ; trailing branches many, 
6 feet long, coarse; leaflets large, dark, little affected by rust and 
by red leaf-spot ; flowers almost white ; pods rather few, on pedun- 
cles 18 inches long, the first maturing in 125 days; seeds white, 
smooth or transversely wrinkled, with medium-sized buff or buff- 
brown eye, subreniform, about 6 by 8 mm. A distinct, but not 
very valuable variety. 

25148. Asparagus bean. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, March, 1909. Pro- 

cumbent, very viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches 
high, 3 feet broad; trailing branches slender; leaflets free from 
rust but much affected by red and white leaf-spot and therefore 
shed early; flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, 
moderately inflated, straw colored, 10 to 16 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 75 days ; seeds reniform, 5 by 10 mm., vinaceous- 
rufous, longitudinally striate; iris nearly black. Nearly identical 
with 23214. (See PL V.) 

25149. Asparagus bean. From Soochow, Kiangsu, China, March, 1909. Very 

similar to the preceding, but not so vigorous; leaflets large, dark, 
affected both by rust and leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; 
moderately prolific ; pods pale, much inflated, 12 to 18 inches long, 
the first maturing in about 90 days; seeds 5 by 11 mm., more or 
less grooved, white with a reddish-purple saddle often extending 
over the micropylar end, and sometimes spots of the same color 
on the back and sides ; iris dark. Indistinguishable from this 
both in seeds and habit is 26662, from Medan, Sumatra. (See 
PI. V.) 

25310. Iron X Black. (Orton No. 14a4-l-3-l.) 

25311. Iron X Black. (Orton No. 14a4-l-3^L) 

25312. Iron X Black. (Orton No. 14a8-5-3-l.) 

Three hybrids from Monetta, S. C, selected by Mr. W. A. Orton 
in the spring of 1909 for productiveness and resistance to wilt 
and nematodes. See 27859. 

25313. Iron X Whippoorwill. From same source as above (Orton No. 18b5-l). 

See 27867. 

25314. Peerless, or Running Speckled. From the N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, 

Ga., April, 1909. Tall, half bushy and very viny, vigorous, the 
row mass 30 to 36 inches high, 4 feet broad, dense; trailing 
branches many, 3 to 6 feet long, not coarse ; leaflets medium in size 
and color, held late, immune to rust and with little or no leaf-spot ; 
flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods held high, well filled, 
usually purple tinged, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in 
105 days; seeds oblong, 7 by 9 mm., buff marbled with brown; 
grown three seasons. Very similar in habit and general appear- 
ance to Brabham, but a little later. On account of its large size 
and suberect growth it should prove one of the best varieties for 

229 



128 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



hay and should be largely tested in the South. At present it is 
grown mainly in Washington County, Ga., where it perhaps origi- 
nated. Nos. 0819 and 26495 are other lots from the same source 
as 25314, and No. 01127, from Mr. J. J. Smith, Utica, Miss., is 
indistinguishable. 

25345. Iron X Whippoorwill. From Monetta, S. C. (Mr. W. A. Orion's hybrid 
No. 18a-l-l.) See 27867. 

25369. From Prof. S. M. Tracy, Biloxi, Miss., November, 1908. Rather tall, half 
bushy, viny, vigorous, the row mass 24 to 36 inches high, 3 feet 
broad, rather sparse; trailing branches few, 3 to 5 feet long; 
leaflets large, dark green, held late, free from rust and leaf-spot ; 
flowers violet purple; pods few, straw colored, somewhat purple 
tinged, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in 130 days; seeds 
subreuiform, 5 by 8 mm., buff marbled with brown, the iris olive 
yellow. Grown one season, 1909. A late variety inferior in habit 
to Whippoorwill, but with identical seeds. 

25512. Wild Louisiana. From the J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans, La., April, 
1909. " Wild Louisiana " is a trade name given to cowpeas which 
are naturalized in Louisiana and which volunteer from year to 
year. In Lafourche Parish they are especially abundant. The 
commercial seed consists of a mixture of different-colored seed, 
namely, buff, black, maroon, pink, brown, and marbled, but is prin- 
cipally buff. When segregated these all breed true. The wild 
seed is decidedly smaller than most cultivated sorts, but in a num- 
ber of cases the progeny as grown at Arlington Farm produces seed 
larger than the original. Another series of these segregates is 
described under 17405. The buff seed form of 25512 grown two 
years is indistinguishable from 22054. 

25512A. Seeds black, and the plants are very similar in all respects to Black 
No. 29292. 

25512B. Plants half bushy, vigorous, the row mass 24 inches high and as broad; 

trailing branches moderately numerous, about 3 feet long; leaflets 
large, medium dark, immune to rust, but somewhat subject to red 
leaf-spot; flowers white; moderately prolific. At Arlington Farm, 
1909, none of the pods fully matured in 132 days, at which time 
they were killed by frost; in 1910 about 5 per cent of the pods 
were mature in 102 days. The 1910 pods are 8 to 9 inches long 
and the seeds oblong, pale brown, 7 to 10 mm. long, somewhat 
larger and paler than the original seed. This variety is very 
similar to Brown Coffee 17404, except that it is later and larger. 
The following lots were identical : 0992, from Mr. J. H. Breedlove, 
Florence, Ark., 1910; 0993, from Mr. Samuel Wreyford, Waldo, 
Ark., 1910 ; 0994, from Mr. O. Z. Redson, Clanton, Ala., 1910 ; 0995, 
from Mrs. H. W. Shomas, De Funiak Springs, Fla., 1910 ; 01385, from 
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1909 — the variety 
referred to as " Brown Coffee " in Bulletin of the North Carolina 
Department of Agriculture (vol. 31, no. 6). 

25512C. Half bushy, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 24 inches high, 4 feet 
broad ; trailing branches many, 3 to 5 feet long ; leaflets held late, 
free from rust and leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; not pro- 
lific; pods straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCKIPTIONS OF VAKIETIES. 



129 



about 105 days ; seeds purplish maroon, subreniforrn, about 5 by 
7 mm. Very similar to 25088, but larger in growth and pods very 
different. 

25512D. Very procumbent, moderately vigorous, the row mass 6 to 12 inches 
high, 3 feet broad, very sparse; trailing branches few, 3 to 4 feet 
long ; leaflets pale, medium sized, free from rust, considerably 
affected by leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; pods few, the first 
about fully grown in 133 days when killed by frost ; original seeds 
indistinguishable from Whippoorwill 17349. A very late and in- 
ferior variety. 

25714. Catjang. From Poona, Bombay, India, June, 1909. Procumbent, viny, 
vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 3 feet broad; trailing 
branches rather coarse, green, 3 to 8 feet long ; leaflets medium 
sized, held late, free from rust, somewhat affected by red leaf-spot ; 
pods few, some maturing in 1910 at the end of 120 days, straw 
colored, 41 to 5 inches long; seeds buff, oblong, plump, 4 to 5 by 
6 to 7 mm. ; iris nearly black. This variety has practically the 
same habit as 21603. 

25785. From Amani, German East Africa, July, 1909. Procumbent, very viny, 

vigorous, the row mass 8 to 10 inches high, 4 feet broad ; trailing 
branches many, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets free from rust and leaf- 
spot; very late, not even blooming in 1910 at the end of 100 days; 
original seeds buff, speckled, rhomboid, 6 by 6 mm. ; iris nearly 
black. 

25786. From Amani, German East Africa, July, 1909. Procumbent, very viny, 

moderately vigorous ; trailing branches 3 to 7 feet long, green ; 
the row mass sparse, 2\ feet broad ; leaflets pale, free from rust, 
moderately affected by white leaf -spot ; flowers violet purple ; 
moderately prolific ; pods well filled, held low, slender, 54 to 6 
inches long, straw colored, marked with irregular longitudinal 
splotches of purple, the first maturing in about 85 days; seeds 
rhomboid, 4 mm. broad and as long, buff speckled with blue and 
with irregular black splotches. A remarkable variety on account 
of the peculiar coloration of the pods and seeds. 
25786A. Much like the preceding in habit and life period; pods dark purple, 2>\ 
inches long; seeds rhomboid, 4 mm. long and broad, buff faintly 
marbled with brown ; iris olive yellow. This is perhaps a catjang. 

25787. From Amani, German East Africa, July, 1909. Procumbent, very viny, 

vigorous, the row mass 12 to 18 inches high, 4 to 5 feet broad ; 
trailing branches 3 to 6 feet long; leaves medium sized, held late, 
free from rust and leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; pods few, well 
filled, held low, pale, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 80 
days; seeds rhomboid, 6 to 7 mm. long and as broad, buff thickly 
speckled with blue ; iris nearly black, apparently composed of fused 
specklings. Seeds of this are speckled, much as in New Era, but 
the variety is very different from any other having similar seeds. 
It is exceedingly viny, but bears only a few pods. 
25857. From Venice, Italy, August, 1909. See 22050. 

25S57A. Suberect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 20 inches high, 
2 feet broad; trailing branches green, few, 2 to 3 feet long; leaflets 
medium sized, shed early, free from rust, much affected by red 

2968°— Bui. 229—12 9 



130 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



leaf-spot, pods numerous, moderately well filled, held medium 
high, straw colored, 5 to 1\ inches long, the first maturing in about 
70 days; seeds subreniform, 5 by 7 mm., white with a buff eye; 
iris brown. A very early prolific sort ; the best early sort with 
brown-eyed seeds. 

25910. From Entebbe, Uganda, British East Africa. August, 1909. See 26302. 
25918. From Hangchow, China, August, 1909. This in 1910 proved to be identi- 
cal with 21511. 

25965. From Pretoria, Transvaal, September, 1909. Procumbent, very viny, 
vigorous, the row mass 10 to 14 inches high, 5 feet broad, rather 
thin; trailing branches medium coarse, green, 3 to 8 feet long; 
leaflets dark green, held late, free from rust, a little affected by 
white leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; pods well filled, held low, 
straw colored, 7 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 90 
days; seeds rhomboid, very angular, 6 by 7 mm., pale buff; iris 
olive. An undesirable variety. 

25965A. Procumbent, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 14 inches high, 4 feet 
broad; trailing branches green, 3 to 5 feet long; leaves large, free 
from rust, but a little affected by red leaf-spot ; produced a few 
blossoms but no pods at the end of 130 days. The original seeds 
are rhomboid, variable in size. 5 to 8 mm. in diameter, buff thickly 
speckled with blue. In habit this variety is much like 25787, but 
is much later. 

25965B. Procumbent, vigorous, very viny, the row mass 10 to 15 inches high. 4 
feet broad; trailing branches green, coarse, 3 to 6 feet long; leaflets 
large, medium green, held Sate, free from rust, considerably affected 
by white leaf-spot; pods few, well filled, held low. straw colored, 
the first maturing in about 90 days ; seeds rhomboid, thick, 6 to 7 
mm. in diameter, buff; iris brown. This is the largest buff-seeded 
crowder that we have grown, and is much later than 22053. It has 
but little value. 

25965C. Procumbent, very viny, vigorous, the row mass 14 inches high, 3^ to 4 
feet broad ; trailing branches coarse, green. 5 to 6 feet long ; leaflets 
large, medium dark, free from rust and leaf-spot ; very late, neither 
blossoms nor pods appearing at Arlington Farm in 1910 at the end 
of 130 days. The original seeds are rhomboid, sharply keeled, very 
large, 9 by 11 mm, marbled like Whippoorwill. 

25965D. In habit quite indistinguishable from 22929. Original seeds rhomboid. 

buff, more or less suffused with violet, subreniform, 6 by 8 mm. 

26302. From Entebbe, Uganda, British East Africa. December, 1909, under the 

name " Mpendi kantinti." Procumbent, viny. moderately vigor- 
ous, the row mass 14 inches high, 5 feet broad, sparse; trailing 
branches medium coarse, green, 3 to 5 feet long: leaflets dark 
green, held late, free from rust, a little affected by white leaf-spot : 
flowers violet purple; pods few. well filled, held low. pinkish to 
straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 70 
days; seeds very rhomboid, 6 by 6 mm., brownish buff, the iris 
brownish. A very poor variety. Practically identical with it in 
habit are Nos. 25910. from the same source, and 26660, from 
Medan, Sumatra. 

26303. From Entebbe, Uganda, British East Africa, December. 1909, under the 

name " Mpendi luzzige." Procumbent, viny, moderately vigorous, 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



131 



the "row mass 12 inches high. 3 feet broad; trailing branches green, 
2 to 3 feet long; leaves medium sized, free from rust, a little 
affected by red leaf -spot ; flowers violet purple ; pods rather few, 
well filled, held low, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first 
maturing in 80 days; seeds black, rhomboid. 6 by 7 mm. A poor 
variety of low but compact habit. 

26362. Catjang. From Malkapur, Berar, India. November, 1909, as Chavali. 

Somewhat procumbent, half bushy, viny, moderately vigorous, the 
row mass 3 feet broad, 26 inches high ; trailing branches 3 to 4 
feet long; leaflets medium sized, held late, free from rust, con- 
siderably affected by red leaf-spot ; very late, not even blooming in 
1910 at the end of 105 days ; original seeds subreniform. 4 by 5 
mm., white with a buff eye. A worthless variety. 

20399. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. Procumbent, vigorous, 
viny, the row mass 16 to 20 inches high, 3* feet broad; trailing 
branches 3 to 5 feet long, green ; leaflets large, free from rust and 
leaf-cpot ; original seeds black, rhomboid, 5 by 5 to 6 mm. This 
variety produced no blossoms at Arlington Farm in 1910 at the end 
of 130 days. It is apparently identical with 22932 from the same 
source. 

26400. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. Habitually this was not 

distinguishable in 1909 and 1910 from 26399. The original seeds, 
however, are larger, rhomboid, 7 by 8 mm., black. 

26401. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. This proved to be the 

same as 22931. 

26402. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. Not different from 

26401. 

26403. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. In habit and lateness 

this was like all the other lots from Mount Selinda. The seeds 
are maroon like 22959, but smaller, rhomboid, 5 by 5 mm. 

26404. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. In all respects this 

proved indistinguishable from 22929 from the same source. 

26405. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia, November, 1909. This proved identical 

with 22960. 

26406. From Mount Selinda, Rhodesia. November, 1909. Indistinguishable both 

in seeds and habit from 22930. It is also very much like 25965D ; 
and may be identical. 

26407. Bra-Mam. From Monetta, S. C, December, 1908. Progeny of 21599. 
26495. Peerless. From N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga., January, 1910. See 

25314. 

26497. Groit. From Coulterville, 111.. January. 1910. See 17334. 

265S0. Catjang. From Mr. H. W. Potts. Hawkesbury Agricultural College. Rich- 
mond. New South Wales, January, 1910, under the name " Poona." 
Not included in the 1910 trials. Seeds buff, oblong, 4 by 5 mm. 

26592. From Mr. J. L. Forelines, Millard. Ark.. January. 1910. See 17363. 

26660. From Medan, Sumatra, February, 1910. See 26302, which it closely re- 

sembles in all respects but the seed, which are buff, subreniform, 
5 by 7 mm. ; iris olive. 

26661. Asparagus bean. From Medan, Sumatra, February, 1910. Procumbent, 

viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 2\ feet broad ; thin ; 
trailing branches slender, about 3 feet long; leaflets free from 
rust, much affected by both red and white leaf-spot, shed early; 

229 



132 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



flowers violet purple; moderately prolific; pods fairly well filled, 
held low, straw colored, little inflated, 10 to 12 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 75 days; seeds pink, reniform, 5 by 9 mm. 
An early variety of little merit. 
2G662. From Medan, Sumatra, February, 1910. See 25149. 

26844. Townscnd. From Mr. E. C. Townsend, Vinemont, Ala., January, 1910. 

Suberect, half bushy, very vigorous, the row mass 2£ feet high, 2 
feet broad; trailing branches green, coarse, few. 1 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets large, medium, green, held late, free from rust, but a 
little affected by white leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; moder- 
ately prolific; pods well filled, held rather high, straw colored, G 
to 9 inches long, the first maturing in about 75 days; seeds sub- 
reniform, white with a buff eye, the iris brownish yellow; grown 
only in 1910. This variety has an excellent upright habit, much 
like that of Whippoorwill, the habit being better than any other 
white or nearly white pea that we have grown. It is. however, not 
very prolific. 

26849. From T. W. "Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., February, 1910, as " Un- 
known." No cultural notes. 

2G9S4. New Era. From T. W. Wood & Sons, liichmond, Va., May, 1910. Same 
as 21088. 

27199. Panmure Early Wonder. From W. H. Maule, Philadelphia. Pa., March, 
1910. Suberect, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 1G 
to IS inches high, 2 feet broad ; trailing branches green ; leaflets 
medium sized, dark green, shed rather early, free from rust, much 
affected by white leaf-spot , peduncles purple ; flowers violet pur- 
ple ; moderately prolific ; pods well filled, held medium high, straw 
colored, 7 to S£ inches long, the first maturing in about 70 days, and 
all maturing in 100 days; seeds buff, subreniform, quite flat, 7 by 
8 mn]. ; iris brown. A variety of only secoud-rate value. 

27502. Catjang. From Coimbra, Portugal, April, 1910. Suberect, half busby. 

moderately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad; 
branches slender; leaves medium sized, free from rust, but con- 
siderably affected by red leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; prolific ; 
pods well filled, held high, drab colored, 3 to 4 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 80 days; seeds oblong, black, 4 by 5 mm. A 
fairly good variety of catjang. 

27503. From Coimbra, Portugal, April, 1910. Somewhat procumbent, half 

bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass IS inches high and as 
broad ; trailing branches few ; leaflets medium sized, free from rust, 
very much affected by both red and white leaf-spot; flowers 
violet purple; moderately prolific; pods moderately well filled, 
straw colored, 4* to 6 inches long, the first maturing in about 70 
days; seeds buff, subreniform, 5 by 7 mm. A poor variety of no 
promise. 

27504. From Coimbra, Portugal, April, 1909. In habit this resembles other 

black-eyed cowpeas, but is very late and procumbent, only a few 
pods ripening at the end of 100 days in 1910; seeds subreniform, 5 
by 7 mm., white with a medium-black eye. 

27543. Whippoorwill. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1910. 

See 17349. 

27544. Iron. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1910. See 8418. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



133 



27545. Unknown, From T. W. Wood & Sous, Richmond, Va., April, 1910. 

Vigorous, very viuy, the row mass 2 to 2i feet high, 3 to 3i feet 
broad; trailing branches 4 to 6 feet long; leaflets rather large, 
undulate, immune to rust but somewhat subject to red leaf-spot ; 
flowers violet purple; moderately prolific; pods well filled, held 
medium high, straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long, the first maturing 
in about 110 days; seeds buff, rhomboid, rather sharply keeled; 
iris olive. This variety corresponds with the common conception 
of Unknown in being much later than Clay and more vigorous. As 
grown under this number, it is virtually identical in habit with 
25512 and 22054, but has different seeds. This number is much 
later and larger than 1346S, which has been grown as Unknown 
at Arlington Farm for eight years. Out of 142 lots of- buff-colored 
cowpeas with subreniform seeds from nearly as many American 
sources in 1909, 62 are scarcely distinguishable from 27545. It 
is apparently the commonest buff-seeded cowpea grown in the 
Southern States. 

27546. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1910, as " Red Ripper." 

No cultural notes. 

27547. Xcu? Era. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1910. See 

21088. 

2754S. Ram's-Hom Blackcyc. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 
1910. Suberect, half bushy, a little viny, moderately vigorous, 
the row mass 24 inches high, 3 feet broad; trailing branches green, 
few ; leaves medium sized, shed early, free from rust, much affected 
by red leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; prolific ; pods well 
filled, held moderately high, straw colored, 6 to 8 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 80 days, and all maturing within 100 days ; 
seeds plump, siibreniform, 7 by 10 mm., transversely wrinkled, 
white with a black eye. Identical with this variety is 0629, from 
Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., grown three seasons. It is taller 
and better than 22050 and a few days later. The seed of 27548 
looks exactly like California Blackeye as grown in California, and 
is perhaps the same. (See PI. V.) 

27549. Unknown Black. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April, 1909. 

Very vigorous and viny, somewhat procumbent, the row mass 2 feet 
high, 3 i feet broad; trailing branches green, 3 to 5 feet long; 
leaves medium sized, held late, free from rust, a little affected by 
red leaf-spot ; flowers violet purple ; moderately prolific ; pods well 
filled, held medium high, straw colored, 7 to 10 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 90 days; seeds oblong rhomboid, black, 6 
by 9 mm. This is a vigorous, rather late, black-seeded variety, 
considerably larger and later than ordinary Black. In habit it is 
quite like most other blacks. 

27586. Wilcox. From Honolulu, Hawaii, April, 1910, presented by Mr. F. G. 
Krauss, who writes: 

A cowpea which, so far as I have been able to determine, 
originated in our trials of 1907, either as a mutant or rogue. As 
it does not resemble any of the half dozen varieties we have been 
growing in recent years I do not think it is a hybrid. It is far 
ahead of anything we have grown in cowpeas. In the fully de- 
veloped form before drying, the pods are a beautiful deep crimson. 

As grown at " Arlington Farm, 1910, this was a procumbent 
sprawling variety, the row mass 1 foot deep, 3 feet broad, with 

229 



134 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OE THE COWPEA, ETC. 



long trailing branches, not even blooming in 130 days. Pods from 
Hawaii are quite flat and broad. 7 to 8 inches long; seeds buff, 
rhomboid, G to 8 mm. long and broad, flattened and strongly 
keeled; iris brown. Too late and procumbent to be of much value, 

27850. Iron X Black. (Orton No. 14a4-l-3-l.) 

27S00. Iron X Black. (Orton No. 14a4-l-3-4.) 

27801. Iron X Black. (Orton No. 14aS-5-3-l.) 

These three numbers are from Mr. W. A. Orton and represent 
selections from hybrids made by him and selected at Monetta. S. C, 
especially for resistance to wilt and productiveness of seed. Plants 
from seeds from the 1908 crop at Monetta were also numbered re- 
spectively 25312, 25310, and 25311. The first three numbers were 
grown in 1910, the last three in 1909 and 1910. Previous selections 
by Mr. Orton of this same series, namely, 17384 (Orton 14a2— 1-1 i. 
17385 (Orton 14a2-2-l), 17389 (Orton 14a5-l-l ), and 17400 
(Orton 14b5-l-l) have been grown five years. Several of these 
lots, especially 17384, 173S5, 17400, and 25311, have produced both 
black seeds and buff seeds, showing that some of the parent seed 
was heterozygote. Most of the lots are intermediate in habit be- 
tween Iron and Black, being less procumbent than Black but 
hardly as erect as Iron. The best of them in 1910 were 25310 and 
25312. These were not as good as Iron X Whippoorwill or Iron 
X Blackeye hybrids. 

27SG2. Iron X Large Blackeye. (Orton 17b2-2-l.) 

27863. Iron X Large Blackeye. (Orton 17b2-2-2.) 

27864. Iron X Large Blackeye. (Orton 17b2-2-3.) 

27865. Iron X Large Blackeye. (Orton 17b2-2-4.) 
27S66. Iron X Large Blackeye. (Orton 17c2-2-2.) 

These five numbers are also hybrids from Mr. W. \. Orton 
grown at Monetta, S. C. At Arlington Farm in 1910 they were 
conspicuous in comparison with the other Iron hybrids for their 
fruitfulness. 27S64 being the most productive of all. They do not 
have as tall a habit as the Whippoorwill hybrids. 

27867. Iron X WhippoorwUl. (Orton lSbl-2-3.) (See PI. V.) 

27868. Iron X Whippoorwill. (Orton lSbl-2-4.) 

27869. Iron X Whippoorwill. (Orton 18b5-l-l.) 

27870. Iron X Whippoorwill. (Orton 18b5-l-2.) 

27871. Iron X WhippoorwUl. (Orton 18b9-l-l.) 

These five hybrids grown and selected at Monetta, S. C, by Mr. 
W. A. Orton, were tested only in 1910. Two similar hybrids. 
25313 (Orton 18b5-l) and 25345 (Orton ISal-l), were grown two 
years. All have the excellent habit of Whippoorwill and a de- 
cidedly greater fruitfulness than Iron. Under Arlington Farm 
conditions they seem decidedly superior in habit to the Iron X 
Black and Iron X Large Blackeye hybrids. No. 27869 is probably 
the best of all, but more yield tests are necessary before deciding 
this positively. 

27887. Asparagus bean. From Malkapur, Berar. India, April. 1910, under the 
name " Val." Procumbent, very viny. vigorous, the row mass IS to 
20 inches high, 31 feet broad: trailing branches slender: leaflets 
large, free from rust, a little affected by white leaf-spot; flowers 
violet purple ; moderately prolific : pods well filled, little inflated ; 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



135 



straw colored, the first maturing in about 100 clays : seeds renif orrn, 
5 by 10 mm., buff ; iris olive. A distinct variety. 

29271. Catjang. Found growing in 21569A at Arlington Farm, 1909. Pro- 

cumbent, viny, vigorous, the row mass 12 to 14 inches high, 3* 
feet broad ; trailing branches slender, green, 2 to 3 feet long ; 
leaflets small, dark, numerous, free from rust, a little affected 
by both red and white leaf-spot; prolific; pods well filled, held 
rather low, drab colored, 2\ to 4 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 90 days; seeds oblong 4 by 6 mm., buff; the iris olive. A 
very peculiar variety of catjang, and possibly representing a dis- 
tinct species of Vigna. 

29272. Catjang. Found mixed with guar, 19648. from Surat, India, June, 1906. 

Moderately vigorous, suberect, the row mass 24 to 36 inches high, 
but thin, with scattered, ascending branches ; trailing branches few. 
2 to 2h feet long ; leaflets medium sized, pale, apparently immune 
to rust and but little affected by leaf-spot ; flowers almost white ; 
pods few, moderately well filled, held high, straw colored, 4 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 90 days ; seeds yellowish white 
with a small brownish eye, oblong, about 3 by 5 mm. Grown three 
seasons under temporary No. 0336; a valueless variety. 

29273. Catjang. From a single plant at Arlington Farm, 1909. Half bushy, 

moderately vigorous, the row mass 16 inches high, 2 to 2+ feet 
broad ; trailing branches rather numerous, 2 to 3 feet long ; leaflets 
medium in size and color, much affected by rust, apparently im- 
mune to leaf-spot ; pods many, well filled, held high, straw colored, 

5 inches long, maturing in about 105 days ; seeds oblong, about 4 by 

6 mm., pale buff, thicldy marbled with dark brown ; the iris olive. 
A fairly good prolific catjang. 

29274. Catjang. A single plant found at Arlington Farm, 1909, growing in 

21603. Half bushy, scarcely vining, moderately vigorous, the row 
mass 18 inches high, 2 feet broad; branches purplish, fine, 2 to 3 
feet long. Leaflets numerous, small, dark green, held late, with- 
out rust and but little affected by leaf-spot; pods few, well filled, 
medium high, drab in color, 5 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 90 days; seeds oblong, 4 by 5 mm., buff, marbled with 
brown. A catjang of moderately good habit, but too shy a seed 
bearer. 

29275. Catjang. From a single plant at Arlington Farm, 1909, in adsuki bean 

17321, China. Half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row mass 16 
inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches few, 2 to 4 feet long; 
leaves rather small, dark, much affected by rust and little by leaf- 
spot; pods many, well filled, head medium high, straw colored, the 
first maturing in about 100 days, about 5 inches long; seeds oblong, 
pink buff, 4 by 6 mm. ; the iris olive. A prolific catjang of good 
habit but not a large grower. 

29276. From the Public Gardens, Jamaica, 190G. Half bushy, vigorous, the row 

mass IS to 24 inches high, 3 feet broad; trailing branches many, 
2 to 4 feet long; leaflets dark, immune to rust but considerably 
affected by leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods well 
filled, held medium high, straw colored or somewhat purple tinged, 
6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 90 days ; seeds small, 
rhomboid, white with medium black eye, about 6 by 7 mm. Later 

229 



136 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



and larger than 17329; grown four seasons under temporary 
No. 0145. 

29277. From Nairobi, British East Africa, 1907. Medium tall, half bushy, the 

row mass 16 to 20 inches high, 2 to 2\ feet broad ; trailing branches 
few, 1 to 3 feet long, usually purple; leaflets medium sized, dark, 
more or less tinged with purple, somewhat subject to rust but not 
much affected by leaf-spot; flowers pale violet purple; moderately 
prolific; pods well filled, held medium high, purplish, 4 to 5 
inches long, the first maturing in about 100 days; seeds varying 
from buff to purple, usually buff more or less clouded with pur- 
ple, rhomboid, about 5 mm. in diameter. The pods of this variety 
spread out horizontally. It has comparatively slight merit; 
grown four seasons under temporary No. 0509. (See PI. XII.) 

29278. From the Botanic Garden, Tokyo, Japan, May, 1907, as Vigna sinensis var. 

Mcontorta. Low, half bushy, viny, not vigorous, the row mass 
10 to 12 inches high, 18 inches broad; trailing branches few, 1 
to 2 feet long; leaflets decidedly angular, medium in size and 
color, much affected by leaf-spot but immune to rust ; flowers 
violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held medium high, the 
first maturing in about 75 days; seeds vinaceous, oblong to rhom- 
boid, about 6 by 8 mm. The pods are strongly flattened and much 
curved, varying from half a circle to three full turns, their length 
varying from 4 to 6 inches. A curious variety of little value; 
grown for four seasons under temporary No. 0511. (See PI. VII.) 

29279. From the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis, August, 1907. Suberect, 

half bushy, somewhat viny, moderately vigorous, the row mass 
18 inches high, nearly as broad; trailing branches purple, few, 
about 1 foot long; leaflets medium in size and color, shed early, 
subject to rust and to leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; pods 
fairly well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 5 to 6 inches 
long, the first maturing in 75 days; seeds oblong, vinaceous cin- 
namon, 5 by 8 mm. An early, moderately prolific variety of 
medium value; grown three seasons under temporary No. 0531. 

29280. From Leghorn, Italy, November, 1907. Half bushy, weak, the row mass 

14 inches high and as broad; trailing branches few, a foot or so 
long; leaflets small, shed early, slightly subject to rust, much 
affected by both red and white leaf-spot; flowers white; pods 
many, poorly filled, held medium low, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches 
long, the first maturing in about 65 days ; seeds oblong, about 6 to 
8 mm., black and white, variable, the black mostly about the 
hilum and the micropylar end of the seed. Grown four seasons 
under temporary No. 0536A ; an early but very poor variety. 

29281. From Leghorn, Italy, November, 1907. Low, half bushy, weak, the row 

mass 12 inches high, 16 inches broad; stems purplish; leaflets 
large, medium dark, much affected by rust, and considerably by 
red leaf-spot; flowers almost white; not prolific; pods fairly well 
filled, held rather low, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first 
maturing in about 80 days; seeds oblong, transversely wrinkled, 
white with a large saddle of buff which often extends over the 
micropylar end and with occasionally a few isolated spots of the 
same color on the back, about 5 by 8 mm. A very inferior va- 
riety; grown four seasons under temporary No. 0536B. 

229 



Bui. 229, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate XII. 




CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



137 



29282. From Leghorn, Italy, one seed, November. 1907. Suberect, bushy, mod- 

erately vigorous, the row mass 18 inches high, 16 inches broad; 
trailing branches few, a foot or so long, reddish ; leaflets medium 
in size and color, shed early, slightly affected by rust but much by 
leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; very prolific; pods well filled, 
held medium high, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first ma- 
turing in 65 to 70 days; seeds buff or pinkish buff, oblong about 
6 by 8 mm. This is the earliest variety of cowpea yet grown at 
Arlington Farm, and is very prolific. While . has some weak 
points, it will probably prove to be a valuable variety, especially 
toward the North. Grown five seasons under temporary No. 0536 J. 

29283. From Leghorn, Italy, November, 1907. Moderately vigorous, viny, the 

row mass 14 inches high ; trailing branches many, 4 to 6 feet long ; 
leaflets dark, medium sized, shed early, considerably subject to 
rust and somewhat to leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet purple ; pods 
many, well filled, held high, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 85 days ; seeds buff pink, rhomboid, rather 
strongly keeled, about 6 by 7 mm. A prolific variety of good habit, 
but too small and subject to rust; grown four seasons under tem- 
porary No. 0536K. 

29284. From Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., 1907. Grown three seasons under 

temporary No. 0554H. Suberect, half bushy, the row mass 18 
inches high, 1\ feet broad; trailing branches few, 2 to 4 feet 
long ; leaves medium in size and color, not subject to rust, some- 
what affected by red leaf-spot; flowers white; moderately pro- 
lific ; pods well filled, held medium high. 7 to 9 inches long, first 
maturing in about 90 days; seeds burnt umber in color, rhomboid, 
about 8 by 9 mm. This variety differs from Brown Coffee in having 
much broader pods and in being earlier and smaller. It is a de- 
rivative of the hybrid 0554, which apparently was a cross between 
Black and Taylor. 

292S5. Small Black Croivder. From Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., Novem- 
ber, 1907. Rather low, half bushy, moderately vigorous, the row 
mass rather sparse, 10 to 14 inches high, 3 feet broad; branches 
green, few, rather coarse; leaves medium sized, dark green, free 
from rust, considerably affected by both red and white leaf-spot; 
flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held medium high, 3i 
to 5 inches long; seeds black; subglobose, 5 by 6 mm. A variety 
of no particular value. For its probable origin, see page 32. 
Grown under temporary No. 0562. (See PI. X.) 

29286. Red Yellotchull. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, in 
1903, through Prof. C. L. Newman. Bushy, suberect, vigorous, 
rather coarse, the row mass 24 inches high, 18 to 20 inches broad; 
trailing branches few, 2 to 5 feet long; leaflets large, dark, held 
late, free from rust, but subject to red leaf-spot ; flowers violet 
purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held fairly high, straw colored ; 8 
to 9 inches long, the first maturing in 100 days; seeds maroon, 
rhomboid, 6 by 8 mm. The seeds of this are much like 17350. The 
plants, however, are coarser, much more nearly erect, and more 
prolific. It is perhaps the best of the maroon-seeded varieties. 
Grown five seasons under temporary No. 0590. 



138 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

20287. Self-Seed in (j Clay. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- 

tion, through Prof. C. L. Newman, in 1003. Plant low. half bushy, 
very vigorous ; the row mass, 14 inches high, 30 inches broad : trail- 
ing branches, moderate in number, about 4 feet long, rather coarse, 
reddish; leaflets medium sized, dark, immune to rust, much 
affected by leaf-spot; shedding rather early; flowers pale violet 
purple; not prolific; pods moderately well filled, held medium high, 
straw colored, 5 to 8 inches long, the first maturing in about 00 
days; seeds cream-buff to buff, rhomboid, about G by 8 mm. This 
variety is too low in habit and poor in seeding to be of high value ; 
grown four seasons under temporary No. 0503. 

20288. Mountain Crowder. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- 

tion in 1003, through Prof. C. L. Newman. Very similar in habit 
to Michigan Favorite, and as early, the first pods maturing in 
70 days; pods straw colored. 4 to G inches long; seeds vinaceous 
buff, globose. 7 to 8 mm. in diameter. Grown four seasons under 
temporary No. 0504. No. 01305, from southwest Missouri, sent 
by Mr. R. S. White. 1010, is the same. 
20280. Delcwarc Red. From Mr. W S. O'Bier, Seaford, Del., 1003. Half 
bushy, moderately vigorous, 20 to 24 inches high; trailing branches 
3 to 6 feet long, rather few, reddish in color; leaflets large, free 
from rust, but much affected by red leaf-spot and shed early: 
flowers pale violet purple: prolific; pods well filled, purplish, 8 to 
inches long, the first maturing in about 00 days, held medium 
high on stout, erect, purple peduncles 32 to IS inches long; seeds 
maroon, rhomboid, about 8 by 10 mm. Very similar to 17510. but 
hardly identical; grown several years under temporary No. 0508. 

20200. Red Sport. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1003. 

through Prof. C. L. Newman. Medium tall, half bushy, viny, not 
very vigorous, the row mass 20 to 24 inches high, 30 inches broad: 
branches many, 2 to 4 feet long ; leaflets medium in size and color, 
shed early, not subject to rust, much affected by leaf-spot ; flowers 
pale violet purple : prolific ; pods well filled, held medium high, 
straw colored, G to 7 inches long, the first maturing in about 100 
days; seeds oblong, vinaceous. G by S mm. Grown for three sea- 
sons under temporary No. 0604; much larger and less prolific in 
1007 than in 100S. Not a first-class variety. 

20201. Cotton Patch. From Mr. J. R. Register. Lamar. S. C. April. 100S. 

through Mr. W. A. Orton. grown three seasons under temporary 
No. 0814. Identical with it is No. 0875 from Dalton, Ga., through 
the courtesy of the H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga., under the 
name of Two Crop: and No. 01231 from Mr. W. F. Buchanan. 
Macha, Fla. Medium high, bushy, little viny, vigorous, the row 
mass 22 inches high, 2 feet broad; trailing branches medium in 
number, 2 feet long; leaflets medium in size and color, immune to 
rust, but somewhat affected by white leaf -spot ; flowers violet pur- 
ple; very prolific; pods held rather high, straw colored, 4 to G 
inches long, the first maturing in about 85 days; pod valves very 
thin ; seeds pinkish buff, rhomboid, about 6 by 7 mm. This variety 
is very prolific and in 1000 looked exceedingly promising. In 1010, 
however, the pods were badly distorted by a disease which also 
affected many other varieties not described here. 

229 



CATALOGUE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 139 



29292. Black. From the Amzi Godden Seed Co., Birmingham, Aia., 1908. Half 

bushy, vigorous, viny, usually 1 to 2 feet high ; branches low, spread- 
ing in the row to form a mass 2 to 4 feet broad ; leaflets large, im- 
mune to rust, but somewhat affected by red leaf-spot, held late; 
flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held rather low, 5 to 
10, usually 7 inches long, straw colored, the first maturing in about 
70 days; seeds dull black, mostly 6 by 8 mm. ; grown three seasons 
under temporary No. 0897. This seems to be the ordinary variety sold 
by American seedsmen. Among others the lots grown are 0896, from 
T. W. Y/ood & Sons, Richmond, Ya., 1908 ; 0898, from the N. L. Willet 
Seed Co., Augusta, Ga., 1908 ; 0588, Black Self-Seeding, and 0589, 
Black Bunch, from the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 
1903 ; and 31 lots from miscellaneous American sources grown in 
1910. Slight differences were observable in these lots, as they varied 
a tittle in stature and vigor and a few days in time of ripening. The 
best lot was 01044 from Mr. J. L. Nipper, Magnolia, Ark. The 
Black is one of the most commonly cultivated varieties, succeeding 
well under a wide diversity of conditions. For a field variety it is 
rather too viny and bears its pods too near the ground to harvest 
satisfactorily with a mower. For growing in corn it is excellent 
and in some sections the favorite variety for pasturing to hogs, 
as the seeds do not decay readily. In North Carolina, Arkansas, 
and southward it is said to volunteer freely. At Arlington Farm 
it rarely volunteers, being far exceeded in this respect by Iron. 
Only a few agronomists have recognized the fact that two distinct 
varieties of cowpeas are cultivated as " Black " — the foregoing 
variety and the one described as " Congo " or Early Black. Ruffin 1 
as long ago as 1855 mentioned and described two different black 
varieties — one early and the other late — not improbably the same 
two varieties still in common use. 

29293. From the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1909, through 

Prof. C. L. Newman. Probably a cross between Whippoorwill and 
Lady. Rather low, half bushy, the row mass 14 to 18 inches 
high, 14 to 2 feet broad; trailing branches few, 1 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets, medium in size and color, not affected by rust or leaf- 
spot ; flowers almost white ; prolific ; pods well filled, held medium 
high, straw colored or sometimes slightly purplish, about 8 inches 
long, the first maturing in 90 days; seeds oblong or sometimes 
rhomboid, about 6 by 8 mm. long, white with a large saddle of the 
New Era color which often extends over the micropylar end, and 
sometimes with a few scattered spots on the back ; iris nearly 
black. Grown two seasons under temporary No. 0905. It is very 
much like 22717. Much more prolific than Lady. 

29294. From Mr. P. L. Sigman, Alexis, N. C, 1909. Suberect, half bushy, 

moderately vigorous, the row mass 14 to 16 inches high, 3 feet 
broad; trailing branches medium coarse, purple, 1 to 3 feet long; 
leaflets medium sized, free from rust, considerably affected by red 
leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; prolific; pods well filled, held 
medium high, dark purple, 6 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 
about 90 days; seeds rhomboid, 6 by 7 mm., white with maroon 
saddle. A very distinct variety, but of no considerable value. 

1 Ruffin, Edmund. The Southern Pea, Essays and Notes on Agriculture, 1855, pp. 353-355. 
229 



140 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



29295. From Mr. A. D. McLeon, lied Springs, N. C, 1909. Suberect, half bushy, 
the row mass 2 feet bigli ;!ii<l as broad; trailing branches few- 
leaves medium iu size aud color, not affected by rust, considerably 
subject to red leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; prolific; pods 
well filled, held medium high, straw colored, 2 to S inches long, 
the first maturing in about 90 days: seeds rhomboid. G mm. 
broad by 8 to 10 mm. long, buff marbled with brown and thickly 
sprinkled with blue specks; iris yellow, thickly speckled with 
black. This variety is undoubtedly a hybrid between Whippoor- 
will and Taylor, having the combined markings of both. The 
blue specks are distributed in groups exactly as in Taylor. In 
size, habit, and pod characters it is very similar to Taylor. The 
variety was also obtained from Mr. J. F. Watters. Red Springs, 
N. C. 

2929G. From Mr. J. W. Markharn, Guin, Ala., 1909. Half bushy, somewhat viny. 

vigorous, the row mass 28 inches high. 3^ to 4 feet broad ; branches 
many, 5 to 7 feet long, coarse: leaflets large, medium dark, not 
affected by rust, a little affected by red leaf-spot; flowers violet 
purple; moderately prolific; pods pale, well filled, held high, 
to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 100 days; seeds of this 
closely resemble New Era. but are larger and paler. The habit 
of the plant, however, is very different. A variety from Mr. 
R. R. Richardson, Crews Depot. Ala., grown under No. 01018, is 
identical. 

29297. From Mr. J. L. Forelines, Millard, Ark., 1909. Procumbent, viny, mod- 
erately vigorous, the row mass 12 to 14 inches high. 3 feet broad : 
trailing branches green, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets medium sized, 
held late, free from rust, a little affected by both red and white 
leaf-spot; flowers white; not prolific: pods straw colored. 6 to S 
inches long, the first maturing in 110 days: seeds subreniform, 7 
by S mm., white with a maroon saddle, and some isolated spots of 
same color. Identical with this is 0979, from Mr. W. J. Rayn. 
Oviare, Okla., and 09S2 from Mr. J. Y. Dorroh. Kennady, Okla. 

2929S. From Mr. J. D. McLouth. Muskegon. Mich.. December. 1909. Suberect, 
vigorous, rather viny, the row mass 3 feet high aud as broad ; trail- 
ing branches green, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets medium sized, held 
late, free from rust, a little affected by both red and white leaf- 
spot : flowers pale violet purple ; prolific ; pods medium well filled, 
held high, straw colored, 4^ to 6 inches long, the first maturing in 
100 days; seeds subreniform, 6 by 7 mm., white with maroon 
saddle, sometimes extending over micropylar end and rarely with 
isolated spots of same color. The pods of this variety were much 
distorted by disease. This is a very large, prolific, medium variety 
that should be valuable where such characters are desired. 

29299. 117/ ite Giant. Obtained from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion, 1900 (Kansas Xo. 121). Suberect. half bushy, moderately 
vigorous, the row mass IS to 20 inches high, 2 feet broad ; leaflets 
medium in size, shed early, free from rust, but much affected by 
red leaf-spot: flowers pale violet purple; prolific: pods medium well 
filled, held medium high, straw colored, 7 to 8 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 75 days ; seeds subreniform, 6 by 10 mm., 
finely wrinkled with transverse lines, white with a medium-sized 
black eye. As grown in 1910, it is much like 22050. but smaller and 

22Q 



CATALOGUE AKD DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 



141 



about 25 per cent inferior. No. 01367, from Mr. Henry Junge, 
Lynch, Cal., could not be distinguished from this either in habit 
or seeds. 

29300. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., 1910, as Rice. Very similar to 

Lady 17359 but a week later and the pods and seeds are somewhat 
different. Pods straw colored, short, about 5 inches long; seeds 
white with a greenish iris, subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter. 
This variety is very distinct from 17359 in its short pods and sub- 
globose seeds. The same thing has been grown as No. 01020, 
from Mr. William Bohanan, Colburt, Okla.. and No. 013S1, from 
the Steekler Seed Co.. New Orleans, La., as Lady. Several ex- 
tracted hybrids from Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison. Ind., have iden- 
tical seeds, but all differ slightly in habit. These were grown as 
Xos. 0563A, 0625E, 0625H, 0626A, 0626D, and 0626E. 

29301. Miller. From the N. L. Willet Seed Co.. Augusta, Ga., 1909. This is 

practically identical with 17340, but differs in its pods and seeds. 
Pods straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long ; seeds rhomboid, 5 by 6 mm., 
buff, the iris yellow. This description applies only to the buff- 
colored seeds which make up the largest percentage of the mixture 
called Miller. 

29302. From the N. L. Willet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga., 1909. These are the 

black seed selected from a mixed variety called Miller. Some- 
what procumbent, viny. very vigorous, the row mass 3 feet high 
and as broad; branches green, 3 to 5 feet long; leaves medium 
sized, free from rust, somewhat affected by red leaf-spot; flowers 
violet purple, moderately prolific; pods well filled, held rather 
high, straw colored, 5 to 7 inches long, the first maturing in 100 
days; seeds black, subreniform, 6 by 9 mm. This is a vigorous 
variety, but late and very viny; it bears the same relation to 
ordinary Black that Unknown does to Clay. 

29303. Asparagus bean. From Tehwa, China, 1910. Procumbent, viny, moder- 

ately vigorous, the row mass 14 to 16 inches high, 2| feet broad ; 
leaflets medium sized; flowers pale violet purple; prolific; pods 
well filled, pale colored, little inflated, about 13 inches long, the 
first maturing in about 70 days ; seeds reniform, 5 by 9 mm., pink 
with chalazal end white; iris nearly black. This is a very distinct 
variety. 

29304. From a single plant found at Arlington Farm in 1909. Suberect, half 

bushy, hardly viny, vigorous, the row mass 26 inches high, 2 to 
2* feet broad ; branches coarse, green ; leaves medium sized, free 
from rust, but a little affected by red leaf-spot ; flowers pale violet 
purple ; prolific ; pods medium, well filled, held high, straw-colored, 
5 to 6 inches long, the first maturing in 75 days ; seeds subreniform, 
white with a large marbled buff and brown eye which often ex- 
tends over the micropylar end ; iris brownish yellow. An excellent, 
very vigorous variety with the habit of Whippoorwill ; not the same 
as 17408. 

29305. Catjang. From the Botanic Garden, Madrid, Spain, as Dolicfios tranquc- 

baricus. Procumbent, very viny. the row mass compact. 6 to 8 
inches high, 2 feet broad: branches many. 1 to 3 feet long; leaflets 
dark, small, angular, much affected by rust, little by leaf-spot; 
flowers violet purple ; prolific ; pods well filled, held erect, straw 

229 



142 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



colored, 3^ to 4 inches long, the first maturing in about 80 days, 
bursting easily and the valves coiling tightly; seeds cream buff, 
oblong, about 1\ by 4 mm. Too small to be of much value; grown 
two seasons under No. 0409. 
2930G. In habit and period of maturity like Unknown 27545 : pods straw colored, 
well filled, 7 inches long, the first maturing in 110 days ; seeds very 
fkit, smooth, rhomboid, 6 by 8 mm., pale buff with a dark olive- 
brown iris. Different from any other buff cowpea in its peculiar 
seeds. Grown only in 1910. 

29307. From Mr. C. E. Fant, Chester, S. C. 1909. A vigorous, viny variety, the 

row mass 20 inches high, 3 to 3? r feet broad : trailing branches green, 
medium coarse, 3 to 5 feet long; leaflets large, held late, free from 
rust, a little affected by red leaf-spot; moderately prolific; pods 
straw-colored, 6 to 7 inches long, well filled, the first maturing in 
about 120 days; seeds maroon, subreniform. smooth. 6 by 8 nun., 
twice as broad as thick; iris dark. In habit this is identical with 
17405E, but the seeds are different. Six other lots obtained from 
various sources in 1909 could not be distinguished from this. It 
bears the same relation to Red Ripper 17350, that Unknown does 
to Clay. 

29308. From Mr. G. W. Duren, Booneville, Ark.. 1910. Habit very similar in 

all respects to Lady 17359, but not ;is prolific; flowers white; pods 
7 to 9 inches long ; seeds white, very reniform, thick, 5 by 10 mm. ; 
iris greenish yellow. The same variety under the same name 
has been received from Oklahoma, No. 01024. It is very distinct 
from any other white variety in the shape of the seeds. Grown 
only in 1910. 

29309. Trinkle's Holstcin. From Mr. J. W. Trinkle, Madison, Ind., June. 1909. 

A renumbering of 0917 referred to under 17327. 

29310. From a single plant found at Arlington Farm, 1909. Suberect, half 

bushy, vigorous, the row mass 2 feet high and as broad; stems 
green; leaflets medium sized, dark green, subject to rust, but little 
affected by red leaf-spot; flowers violet purple; prolific; pods pale, 
held high, poorly filled, the first maturing in about 95 days ; seeds 
not distinguishable from New Era 21088. The seeds of this variety 
are very similar to New Era, but the plant is very different. The 
tendency of the branch tips to be viny and bear small leaflets is con- 
spicuous. The pods were mostly destroyed by a disease, possibly 
bacterial. Were it not for this last defect, the variety would have 
much promise. Grown only in 1910. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

The number of varieties of the cowpea and the related catjang and 
asparagus bean is much larger than agronomic writers have realized. 
The present publication describes about 220 cowpeas, 50 catjangs, 
and 35 asparagus beans. The cowpea and the catjang are much more 
desirable plants for forage, as the asparagus beaa is too viny and 
procumbent. 

More or less data concerning named cowpeas have been published 
in experiment station bulletins and elsewhere. It is rarely possible 

229 



CONCLUSIONS. 



143 



now to identify these, excepting where pedigreed or otherwise authen- 
tic seed is available. In the main the names have been preserved 
only in a traditional way by seedsmen. This method of identification 
is often unreliable, as different varieties in many cases have very- 
similar seeds. 

In some cases old varieties can be satisfactorily identified because 
no other variety with similar seeds is common. Among such are 
Whippoorwill, New Era, Iron, Taylor, and Blackej^ed Lady. On the 
other hand, such names as Black, Clay, Unknown, Red Ripper, 
Blackeye, Browneye, and Crowder are group names, being in each 
case used primarily for a color or shape of seed. 

Foreign varieties of cowpeas are as a rule inferior. The earliest 
varieties have been obtained from northern Italy ; those from tropical 
regions are usually very late and vigorous; Chinese varieties are 
much subject to rust; South African varieties are nearly all distinct, 
some of them valuable; the catjangs of India are valuable on account 
of their small, hard seeds, which are little attacked by weevils. 

Everything considered, the best varieties of cowpeas tested are 
Whippoorwill, New Era, and Iron, and recent hybrids of these, in- 
cluding Brabham and Groit. Other varieties which possess merit 
and which are being used in breeding include the following: 8687, 
a very vigorous catjang; 21292, 21602, and 22759, perfectly upright 
late catjangs; 21508, an erect early cowpea from Japan; 22958, a 
vigorous late cowpea from Rhodesia; 29282, from Italy, the earliest 
cowpea yet found. 

The breeding work thus far conducted indicates that practically 
every combination of seed, color, and shape with habit and life period 
can be obtained. This matter is of some importance in growing 
varieties that can be easily recognized. 



Note. — While this bulletin was in final page proof an opportunity was 
afforded to examine the original specimen of Dolichos unguiculatus L., pre- 
served in the herbarium of the Lhrmean Society in London. The specimen is 
an excellent one, grown in the greenhouse at TJpsala, Sweden. It is not the 
cowpea to which most recent botanists have referred it, but is the plant re- 
cently described by Urban as Phaseolus antiUanus. The error in considering 
the name Dolichos unguiculatus as applying to the cowpea was undoubtedly 
due to Linnseus's very brief and insufficient description and to the further fact 
that his original specimen was not examined by later botanists. The correct 
botanical designation for the cowpea is therefore Vigna sinensis (Stickman) 
Endlicher (1848).— C. V. Pipee, January 25, 1912. 
229 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Abild, Han, distributor of cowpea seeds 82, 99 

Abyssinia, source of varieties of vignas 12, 29, 80, 99 

Adsuki bean. See Bean, adsuld. 

Africa, source of varieties of vignas 7-8, 

11-13, 28-30, 74, 101-103, 119-120, 122, 124, 129-131, 136, 143 
See also countries in Africa; as Abyssinia, Egypt, etc. 

Agricultural Gazette, New South "Wales, articles on the cowpea 59, 67 

News, Barbados, article relating to Red Iron cowpea 62 

Alabama, source of varieties of vignas 16, 17, 39, 42, 

43, 48, 52-58, 60, 63, 69-71, 81-82, 87-90, 92, 94, 102, 128, 132, 139, 140 
Amarillo, Tex. See Experiments. 

America, distribution of the cowpea 7, 8 

See also names of domestic States and foreign countries. 

American Agriculturist, articles on the cowpea 36, 46, 47, 50, 52, 64, 67, 70, 71, 90 

Farmer, article on the cowpea 35 

Husbandry, article on the cowpea 55 

Amerosporium economicum. See Leaf -spot. 

Ants, relation to pollination of the cowpea 26 

Argentina, source of variety of cowpea 45 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. See Experiments. 



source of varieties of vignas. . 15-17, 33, 40, 42. 46-49, 51-54, 56-58, 62, 66-71, 
80, 81, 83, 85-87, 89, 90-91, 93, 96-99, 102, 114, 115, 128, 131, 137-140, 142 



Arlington Farm. See Experiments. 

Ascidia, malformation of leaves of the cowpea 25 

Asia, source of varieties of vignas 7, 30, 77, 125 

See also names of countries in Asia; as China, India, etc. 
Asparagus bean. See Bean, asparagus. 
Audubon Park, La. See Experiments. 

Australia, source of varieties of vignas 7, 62, 113, 131 

See also names of countries; as New South Wales, Victoria, etc. 

Bailey, S. M., distributor of cowpea seeds Ill 

Ball, C. R, work in testing cowpeas 37, 52, 59, 63, 68, 69 

Barbados, source of varieties of cowpeas 10, 62 

Barteldes Seed Co., distributors of commercial cowpea seeds 43, 103 

Bean, adsuki, mixed-seed source of catjang 135 

asparagus, sources of varieties. See names of domestic States and foreign 
countries. 

varieties, Ankok -. 45, 77 

Black Juroku sasage 78 

Chang kiang tou 49, 121 

Jinroku sasage 77 

Juroku sasage - 10, 55, 78 

Katjang belaet 110-111 

dadap 109-111 

pfiTidiang 109 

2968°— Bui. 229—12 10 145 



146 AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 

Page. 

Bean, asparagus, varieties, Lobia 57, 106, 112 

miscellaneous, unnamed 73-80, 

83. 99. 101. 110, 111, 116-120, 122, 127, 131, 132, 141 

Monkey's Tail 58,124 

Sanjak sasage 63, 77 

Tsai don 68, 119 

Val 134-135 

Yard Long 71 

Yueng pian doh 122 

China or Chinese, variant names for cowpea 34 

Kafir, variant name for cowpea 35 

Beattie, W. R., on varieties of vignas 76-78 

Biloxi, Miss. See Experiments. 

Bohanan, William, distributor of cowpea seeds 141 

Bolgiano, J., & Son, distributors of commercial cowpea seeds 43, 103, 125 

Bort, Katherine S., notes on pedigreed seed of cowpea varieties 44 

Brabham, A. W., distributor of cowpea seeds 89, 111 

Brazil, source of varieties of cowpeas 57, 59, 102, 107, 120 

Breedlove, J. H., distributor of cowpea seeds 128 

Brent, C. S., distributor of seed of Calico cowpea 49 

Brewer, J. B., distributor of cowpea seeds 114 

British East Africa, source of varieties of vignas 101, 130, 136 

Brush, C. E., distributor of cowpea seeds 92 

Buchanan, W. F., distributor of cowpea seeds 138 

Bulloch, G. T., on Sixty-Day variety of the cowpea 64-65 

Bumblebee, agency in crossing the cowpea 26, 32 

Burlison, W. L., on the best varieties of cowpeas for Oklahoma 40, 42 

Butterflies, agency in crossing the cowpea 26-27, 32 

Byrd, S. M., distributor of cowpea seeds 99 

Cacara nigra, synonym for Yigna sinensis 10 

California, source of varieties of vignas 79, 133, 141 

Calvin, M. V., on the best varieties of cowpeas for Georgia 39, 42 

Cameron, L., distributor of cowpea seeds 92 

Carroll, B. R., on the Indian cowpea 55 

Catalogue, alphabetical, of varieties of vignas 44-71 

chronological, of varieties of vignas 75-142 

Catjang, sourcesof varieties. Seensnn.es of domestic States and foreign countries. 

varieties, Afghania 45 

Asby 45 

Barbati 45 

Bhadela 45,93 

Burbudi 48,108 

Carramunny-pyre 49, 104 

Chauli 49,93 

Chavali 49,112,131 

Chola 50, 79-80, 105-106, 112 

Choli 50,79-80,93 

Chowali 50,79 

Chowlee 50,105-106 

Dau den and Dau dea 13 

Gungi Rawani 55, 104-105 

Jhunga 55 

229 



INDEX. 147 

Page. 

Catjang, varieties, Katiklia 56 

Katjaug landes 110 

roedji 110 

Lal-rawani 56, 103-104 

Lobia 57,106,112 

miscellaneous, unnamed 20, 

73-75, 80, 93, 104-108, 110-112, 118, 119, 124, 126, 129, 132, 135 

Poona 131 

Rawan 60,104,106 

Upright , 68,113 

Celebes, source of varieties of vignas 29, 113 

Center, O. D., on the varieties of cowpeas most cultivated in Illinois 41,42 

Cercospora omenta. See Leaf-spot. 

Chang kiang tou, Chinese name for asparagus bean 121 

Cherry, I. F., distributor of cowpea seeds 94 

Chile, source of varieties of vignas 122, 124 

Chillicothe, Tex. See Experiments. 
China bean. See Bean, China. 

China, source of varieties of vignas 8, 25, 

28-29, 77, 78, 83, 84, 100, 101, 108, 115, 116, 119-124, 126, 127, 130, 135, 141, 143 
Chinese bean. See Bean, Chinese. 

Chosen (Korea), source of variety of cowpea 78 

Chronology of introduction of vignas 75-142 

Climate, influence on growth of cowpeas 18, 89 

Color of seeds, relation to varieties of vignas 11, 14, 21-23, 28, 29, 33, 72-75, 143 

Conclusions of bulletin 142-143 

Connecticut, source of variety of cowpea 83 

Conner, A. B., on the best varieties of cowpeas for Texas 40, 42 

Cotton. J., on varieties of the cowpea in North Carolina 48 

Cowpea, characters most desired 14-15, 143 

commercial varieties in the United States 43-44 

distinctive characters of varieties 19-25 

geographic distribution 8 

See also names of domestic States and foreign countries. 

lists of preferred varieties 38-42, 143 

methods of testing different varieties 37-38 

origin of new varieties 27-28 

similarity in habit of varieties from the same source 28-30 

sources of varieties. See names of domestic States and foreign coun- 
tries. 

The, publication of notes of varieties of cowpeas 62, 69, 71 

time of planting on Arlington Farm 75-76 

use as table vegetable 14, 3S, 39, 40, 65, 72, 82, 100 

varieties, Algerian 45 

Argen Everbearing 45 

Arkansas 45 

Ashby 45 

Ayrshire 45, 75, 97 

Backwoods 45 

Balatong 78 

Barbati.... 45,48,93 

Bass '. 36,45,60-61,63 

Bhadela 45,93 

229 



148 



AG1UCULTUKAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Page. 

Cowpea, varieties, Big Mush 45 

Black 16,18,30-36, 

38-45, 63, 74, 77, 83-84, 86, 97, 98, 116, 127, 134, 139, 141, 143 

and White 45 

Speckled 46 

Betty 4S 

Bunch 46, 86, 98, 139 

Crowder 40, 44, 46, 74, 114 

Early 46 

Blackeye 17-18, 

21, 30-33, 36, 38-44, 46, 59, 63, 74, 83, 84, 96, 98, 99, 116, 143 

Blackeyed Bird's-Foot 46, 76 

Lady 10,31-32,46,74,97,143 

White 36,46 

Black Field 36, 46 

King 46 

Self-Seeding 46, 139 

X Blackeye 83,97 

Iron 94,95,134 

Blue 47 

Black 47 

Hull 47 

Boss 47 

Brabham 15, 18, 38, 40-42, 47, 67, 74, 89, 111, 125. 131. 143 

Breack 36,47 

Brown and White 47 

Speckled Crowder 47 

Coffee 30,47,74,95,128 

Crowder 48,72,92 

Browneye 21, 33 ; 36, 47, 71, 73. 87, 117, 143 

Crowder 39, 42, 48, 73, 88, 95 

Browneyed Sugar 48 

Buckmoran 48 

Buckshot 48 

Buff 48,56 

Burbudi 48 

Bush Conch 48 

Calavance or Calavence 10, 48, 49, 53, 60 

Calico 39-40,42,48-49,87.97 

California, California Bird's-Eye, or California Black- 
eye 40,42,44,49,81,86,133 

Calivant 36,48,49 

Calvins '.. 49 

Camden 49 

Capehart 's Red Pea 49 

Cardinal 49,89 

Carolina 43,49 

Caserta 83 

Chickasaw 49 

Chinese Black 74,83 

Browneye 49 

Red..... 49,78, 84, 115-116 

Whippoorwill 49, 74, 84 

229 



INDEX. 149 

Page. 

Cowpea, varieties, Chocolate 50 

Chowder 50 

Claret-Colored Crowder 35, 50, 55 

Clay. . . . 17, 18, 30, 31. 35, 36, 38-44, 50, 63, 72, 81, 87, 91, 100, 141-143 

Claybank 36,50 

Clay Colored 50 

Self-Seeding 72-73, 117 

Clovin 50 

Coffee 40,50,51,87,97 

Collard 51 

Colorado 76 

Colvin 49,50,51 

Conch 40,44,48,51,52,72,97 

Congo 16,51,86,139 

Constitution 51 

Correguela 122 

Cosenza 82 

Cotton Patch 17, 51, 138 

Couch 52 

Cow :. 35-36 

Cream 30,31,43,52,72,100 

White 52 

Crowder 30-32, 35, 41, 52, 143 

Cuckold's Increase 52 

Delaware Red 138 

Delicious 52,92 

Dennis's Field 36,52 

Dixie 52 

Downs Early Ripener 52, 84, 103 

Dwarf Whippoorwill 52 

Early Amber 52 

Black 16, 36, 46, 51, 52, 74, 81, 86, 88, 139 

Blackeye 41-43,52,84,86,114 

Boolock 52,79 

Brown Dent 52 

Bulloch 52 

Bush 36,52 

Camden 49,52 

Red , 73,126 

mite Blackeye 43,52 

Eureka 52 

Everlasting 52-53,68 

Extra Early 53 

Blackeye 34, 39, 53, 81, 84, 86, 97, 98, 116 

Browneye 53 

Feijao (Portuguese) 11, 102, 120 

Field White Table..... 53 

Flat Red 53 

Flint 53 

Forage 53 

Forty-Day *. 53 

Galivant, Gallavant, or Gallivant. 10, 48, 53 

Gentleman 35, 53, 56 

229 



150 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Page. 

Cowpea, varieties, Giang don 53, 119 

Gourd 53-54,58 

Granite Crowder 54 

Gray 35,36,50,54,63 

Crowder 35,43,87 

Grayeye, or Greyeye 54, 94 

Gray Goose 40,43,54,88 

Prolific 54 

Grecian 54,78,85 

Green 54 

Collard 51,54 

Colored 54 

Eye White 36,54 

Grey Crowder 54 

Eye. See Grayeye. 

Groit 15, 

21, 22, 29, 38, 40-42, 47, 54, 75, 85, 88, 89, 97, 103, 126, 131, 143 

Guernsey 54, 75, 89, 96, 9 7 

Guess . 55 

Halesteine 55 

Hammond's Black 55, 86 

Extra Early 55 

Han chiang doll 55 

Hollybrook 55 

Holstein 22, 30-31, 33, 34, 45, 55, 74, 83-84, 96, 97 

Indian 35,55 

Red 55 

Innominate 55 

Iron 14, 15, 17, 21, 25, 28, 38-44, 55, 57, 62, 65, 

72, 79, 81, 92, 94, 95, 99-101, 111, 113, 115, 125, 127, 132, 134, 143 

Ironclad 55,79 

Iron Mountain 55, 79, 98 

X Black 127,134 

Large B lackey e 134 

Whippoorwill 127,128,134 

Java, Jervis, or Jervy 55, 88 

Jet Black 35 

Jhunga 55,93,108 

Joiners Long- Pod 36, 55 

Jones's Perfection White and Jones's White 55 

Khed jhunga 109 

King 56 

Kintohi, or Kutohi 56, 78 

Kurakake 56,78 

Ladies... 35,53,56 

Lady 30-32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 53, 56, 57, 63, 70, 72, 91, 117, 141 

Finger 56,94 

Large Black 36,56 

Blackeye 39, 40, 43, 56, 81, 88, 91, 134 

Early Black 56 

Lady -. 56 

Red . 56 

White 57 

229 



INDEX. 



151 



Page. 

Cowpea, varieties, Large White Blackeye 57 

Crow 50 

Crowder 57 

Spot 57,116 

Yellow-Eye. 57 

Leland 57 

Lestones.. 57,78 

Lilac Red-Pod : 57 

Little Iron 57,79,97 

Lady 57 

Liver 57 

Lobia 57,106,112 

Long Lady 57, 91 

Louisiana "Wild. See Wild Louisiana. 

Macassar 57,102 

McNiel 58 

Mammoth Black 57 

Clay 57 

Masri 57,126 

Mathews 53,58 

Mealer's Clay 58 

Melear 58, 72, 87, 93-94 

Michigan Favorite 30, 40-42, 58, 72, 80-83, 95-96, 99 

Miller 58,141 

miscellaneous, unnamed , 72-80,82-85, 

88, 90-91, 93-103, 107-109, 112-117, 119-132, 135-137, 139-142 

Morado 76 

Mottled 36,58 

Mount Olive 58,87,99 

Mountain Crowder 58, 72, 138 

Mpendi 130-131 

Mush 36,58 

New Era 14-16, 

18, 19, 21, 29, 38-44, 47, 52, 58, 70, 75, 77, 
82-85, 95, 97, 101, 103, 106, 132-133, 142, 143 

Revenue 58 

Nigger 58 

No Name 58 

North Carolina 35 

Northern Prolific 58 

Old Man 58,72,90-91 

Man's Friend 58 

Pale Red 58 

Panmure Early Wonder 59, 132 

Pea of the Backwoods 45, 58, 59 

Peerless 16, 38, 59, 63, 74-75, 89, 127-128, 131 

Polecat 53,59 

Pony i 59 

Poona 59 

Poor Man's Friend. See Pea of the Backwoods. 

Powell's Early Prolific 59, 72, 87, 94 

Purple-Eye 59 

Hull 57,60 

229 



152 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Page. 

Cowpea, varieties, Purple Hull Crowder 60 

Podded Clay 72, 100-101 

Quadroon 60 

Queen of Carolina GO 

Quick 60 

Ram's-Horn 60 

Blackeye 60,133 

Red, Tory, or Bass 36, 43, 45, 60-61, 68 

Red-and-White Speckled 61 

Carolina 61,89,99 

Cow 36,61 

Crowder 39, 42, 61, 73, 91, 94, 98, 99 

Redding 62 

Red-Eye 61 

Eyed Red Pod 61 

Hulled White 38,62 

Iron 62 

Pod ; f «8 

Ripper 17, 18, 36, 38-39, 

41-14, 49, 61, 62, 73, 89-91, 101, 125-126, 133, 142, 143 

River 62 

Running 62 

Sport 62,138 

Tory 62 

Unknown 62 

Whippoorwill 38, 62, 74, 92-93, 97 

Yellowhull 38,62,73,89,92,137 

Yellow Pod 62 

Regular Lady 63 

Rice , 63,72,95,141 

Ross White 63 

Running Speckled 63,127-128 

Saddleback 63 

Sand 63 

Seli-Seeding Clay 138 

Sherman's Northern Prolific 58, 63 

Shinney, or Shinny 36, 53, 58, 63-64, 88, 89 

Shrimp 64 

Six-Oaks Field 36,64 

Sixty-Day 64-65, 72, 87, 94 

Small Black 36,65 

Black Crowder 137 

Blackeye 65 

Lady 65,92 

Smallpox 65,122 

Small Red, or Tory 65 

White , 65 

India 65 

Smiley 65 

Smith 65 

Smith's Nos. 4, 7, 9, 14, and 15 65-66 

Southdown, or Southdown Mottled. 39, 40, 66, 73, 86-87 

Southern 36,66,77 

Blackeye 63,66 

229 



INDEX. 



153 



Page. 

Cowpea. varieties. Southern Whippoorwill 66 

Yelloweye 66 

Speckled 66,88 

Crowder 39,67,75,91,114 

Java 36, 55, 67, 87-88, 97 

Rio 67,111 

Whippoorwill 36,67 

Speth 67 

Sport 67,74,99 

Stewart 67 

Stranger 67 

Straw-Colored Crowder 35 

Sugar 35,67 

Sugar Crowder 34-36, 39, 67 

Taylor 21-23, 29-32, 34, 39, 41-43, 

51,54,55,67,71,75,77,82,87-88, 91, 92, 95, 97, 116, 117,143 

Crowder 31,54,75 

Taylor's Prolific 67-68 

Tennessee Clay 43 

Crowder 68 

Three Crop.. 36,68 

Tonquin 76 

Torg 68 

Tory 35, 36, 45, 56, 60-61, 63, 65, 68 

Townsend 68,73,132 

Tribus 36,68 

Trinkle's Holstein 84,142 

Turney's Blackeye 68, 113-114 

Two Crop 44,68,138 

Unknown 17, 

18, 38-44, 47, 58, 60, 68, 71, 72, 81, 87, 90, 91, 133, 141-143 

Black 68,133 

Upright. See Poona. 

Vacuum 68 

Volunteer 68,115 

Volunteering Iron 115 

Warren, or Warren's 41, 42, 68, 80 

Warren's Extra Early 17, 30, 34, 40, 42, 68-69, 81, 90 

X Sugar Crowder , 69, 98 

Hybrid, or New Hybrid 17, 

40, 42, 69, 72, 81, 87, 88, 90, 117 

Watson, or Watson's Hybrid 22, 30-33, 47, 69, 74, 83, 98-99 

Whippoorwill 14-19, 

21, 24, 28-31, 34, 36, 38-44, 52, 63, 66-67, 69, 74, 75, 
77, 82, 88-89, 91, 96, 101, 102, 111, 125, 132, 134, 143 

Crowder 31,69,74,92 

Saddleback 69,97 

White 35,36,69 

and Brown Speckled 69 

Blackeye 43,69 

Browneye 69 

Brown-Hull 70 

Crowder 35, 36, 70, 88, 91 

Era, or New Era 70 



154 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Page. 

Cowpea, v arieties, White Field .36 

Florida 70 

Giant 70,92,140-141 

Grayeye 43,70 

Lady 43,70 

Prolific 70 

Sugar 70 

Table 36,52,70-71 

Whittle, or Whitley 71, 87, 88, 95 

Wight Black Crowder 71, 74, 92, 114 

Wilcox 133-134 

Wild Goose 71 

Louisiana 29, 43, 57, 73, 95, 115, 128 

Williams, or Williams Hybrid 71 

Wonder 71 

Wonderful \ 17, 43, 71, 77, 81, 82, 126, 133 

Woods Wonderful 71 

Yeatman 35,71 

Yellow Cow 36, 71 

Crowder 36,71 

Eye s 71 

Yellowish Brown Crowder 35 

Yellow Pod 71 

Prolific 71 

Sugar, or Yellow Sugar Crowder 71, 72, 94-95 

Yohorn 35, 71 

See also related topics; as, Color, Diseases. Experiments. History, Hybridiza- 
tion, Nomenclature, Seeds, etc. 
Crenshaw Bros. Seed Co., distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea. 44, 48, 68 

Crosby, M. A., cowpeas in Alabama and Mississippi 39, 42 

Cross-pollination of cowpea. See Hybridization. 

Cuba, source of species of Yigna 7 

Dalhart, Tex. See Experiments. 

Delaware, source of varieties of vignas 15, 41, 

42, 45, 48, 49, 51-55, 57-B4, 67-71, 86, 99, 103, 138 

Diament, C. G., distributor of cowpea seeds 99 

Diseases, susceptibility and resistance of the cowpea 25, 28, 

29, 79, 99, 126, 138, 142, 143 
See also names of diseases; as Leaf-spot, Mildew, Rust. etc. 

District of Columbia, source of varieties of vignas 103, 125 

Dodson, W. R., on varieties of cowpeas in Louisiana 40,42 

Dolichos bahiensis, name applied to cowpea from Italy 77 

bicontortus, synonym for Yigna sinensis 11, 77, 106 

catjang, synonym for Yigna catjang 11, 12 

comparison with Yigna 7, 12 

lubia, species of legume from Egypt 12 

melanophthalmus, synonym for Yigna sinensis 11, 13 

monochalis, synonym for Yigna sinensis 11 

oleraceus, synonym for Yigna sinensis 11 

sesquipedalis, synonym for Yigna sesquipedalis 9 

sinensis, synonym for species of Yigna 9-13 

tranquebaricus, synonym for Vigna catjang 12, 141 

229 



IXDEX. 



155 



Page. 

Dolichos umbellatus, synonym for Vigna sinensis 10 

unguiculatus, synonym for Vigna sinensis 10, 60, 143 

Dorroh, J. Y., distributor of cowpea seeds 140 

Downs, L. W., distributor of cowpea seeds 84, 103 

Dreer, H. A., distributor of commercial varieties of cowpeas 63, 66 

Duggar, J. F., on varieties of cowpeas for Alabama 39, 42, 89 

Dulebohn, C. C, distributor of cowpea seeds 99 

Duren, G. W., distributor of cowpea seeds 142 

Ednionston, P. M., on the cornfield pea 35-36 

Edwards, W. J., distributor of cowpea seeds 99 

Egypt, source of varieties of Vignas 12, 13 

Europe, source of varieties of vignas 8, 11, 13, 14 

See also names of countries; as, Greece, Italy, etc. 

Evans, E. E., on varieties of cowpeas 80-82, 95 

Experiments with cowpeas at Amarillo, Tex 84, 88, 92, 114 

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station 33-34 

Arlington Farm. 15-19, 24-27, 29, 30, 32, 37, 38, 75-82, 84, 
87, 88, 91, 98, 100-102, 105, 106, 113-115, 118, 119, 
122, 123, 128, 130, 131, 133-135, 137, 139, 141, 142 

Audubon Park, La 82, 83, 96, 97, 100 

Biloxi, Miss 38,102 

Chillicothe, Tex 15, 38, 82, 83, 84, 88, 92, 93, 96, 114 

Dalhart, Tex 114 

Madison, Ind. 30-33 

Michigan Agricultural College 32-33 

Monetta, S. C 38, 76-79, 113, 118, 122-124, 127, 134 

Stillwater, Okla 83, 88, 92, 96, 97, 100 

Fant, C. E., distributor of cowpea seeds 142 

Farmers' Register, articles on the cowpea 35, 46, 50, 55, 56, 67, 68, 71 

Feijao, Portuguese name for species of Vigna 11, 102, 120 

Fippin, Simeon, distributor of cowpea seeds 114 

Fischer, W., on varieties of cowpeas 57,102 

Flies, relation to pollination of the cowpea 26 

Florida, source of varieties of vignas 15, 

17, 18, 39, 42, 44, 45, 48, 52, 58, 65, 70, 72, 92, 128, 138 

Flowers of cowpea, distinctive characters, pollination, etc 21, 25-27 

Fluctuation of types, relation to origin of varieties of cowpea 27-28 

See also Variability. 

Fonville, Edward, on varieties of the cowpea in Xorth Carolina 59 

Forelines, J. L., distributor of cowpea seeds 91, 131, 140 

France, source of varieties of vignas 11, 76 

Galloway, B. T., on the cowpea , . , 14 

Garman, H., on the best varieties of cowpeas for Kentucky 41, 42, 88 

Garner, W. W., analyses of exudation from cowpea flowers 26 

Georgia, source of varieties of vignas 16-18, 

39, 42, 44, 46-48, 50-53, 55-68, 70, 71, 77, 81, 84, 85, 89, 
92, 93, 99, 101, 103, 113, 114, 127-128, 131, 138, 139, 141 

German East Africa, source of varieties of vignas 12, 102, 129 

Germany, source of varieties of vignas 13, 14 

Glucose, product of nectaries of cowpea blossoms 26 

229 



15G 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Page. 

Godden, Ainzi, Seed Co., distributors of commercial varieties of thecowpea. . . 43, 

54, 56, 60, 70, 87, 94, 139 

Grantham, A. E., on the varieties of cowpeas in Missouri and Delaware 41, 42 

Greece, source of varieties of vignas 78, 85 

Griffith & Turner Co., on commercial varieties of the cowpea 43 

Growth of the cowpea . See Habits. 

Guinea, Africa, source of variety of the cowpea 11 

Habits of growth of the cowpea, distinctive characters 19-20,28-30 

Harper, J. N., on varieties of the cowpea in South Carolina 39, 42 

Hastings, H. G., & Co., distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea. . 44, 60, 138 

Hawaii, source of varieties of vignas 7, 77, 133 

Henderson & Co., Peter, distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea 60 

Heteroderaradicicola. See Root-knot. 

Heterozygosis of seeds of the vignas 29, 75, 80, 82-83, 134 

Hickory Seed Co., distributors of cowpea seeds 87, 103 

History of the vignas, agricultural and botanical 7-14, 34-37 

See also Catalogue and Chronology. 

Hogan, J. P., distributor of cowpea seeds 115 

Honeybees, relation to pollination of the cowpea 26 

Hooker, J. D., on the occurrence of vignas 12-13 

Hutcheson, T. B., on varieties of cowpeas in Virginia 38, 42 

Hybridization, relation to origin of varieties 27, 28, 30-34, 37 

See also names of hybrids or sorts used in hybridization; as, Groit, Holstein, 
Iron, etc. 

Illinois, source of varieties of vignas 15, 

41, 42, 49, 52, 54-56, 58, 61, 66, 68, 69, 81, 82, 85, 126, 131 

India, source of varieties of vignas 8, 10-12, 25, 28, 45, 

56, 57, 59, 60, 77, 79, 93, 100, 103-109, 112, 113, 118, 129, 131, 134, 135, 143 

Indiana, source of varieties of vignas 17, 

30, 32, 41, 42, 82, 84, 90, 95, 99, 114, 116, 133, 137, 141, 142 

Industrialist, The, articles descriptive of the cowpea 58, 68 

Insects, relation to pollination of the cowpea 26-27, 32 

Iowa Seed Co., distributors of cowpea seeds 85 

Iowa, source of variety of cowpea. 85 

Italy, source of varieties of vignas 13, 77, 82, 114, 129, 136, 137, 143 

Jamaica, source of variety of the cowpea 135 

Japan, source of varieties of vignas 10-11, 77, 78, 85, 106, 107, 136, 143 

Java, source of varieties of vignas 7, 109-111, 117, 118 

Johnson, J. M., distributor of cowpea seeds 95 

Johnson, M. W., Seed Co., distributors of cowpea seeds 89, 92 

Junge, Henry, distributor of cowpea seeds 141 

Kafir bean. See Bean, Kafir. 

Kansas, source of varieties of vignas 17, 

40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 53-56, 58, 59, 62, 69-71, 81, 85, 86, 88, 90, 99, 103, 140 

Katjang, vernacular name applied to varieties of vignas 109-111 

Kentucky, source of varieties of vignas 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 56, 61, 71, 81, 88 

Kilgore, B. W., on varieties of cowpeas in North Carolina 39, 42, 59, 71 

Koiner, G. W., on varieties of cowpeas in Virginia 38, 42 

Korea. See Chosen. 

Krauss, F. G., distributor of cowpea seeds. 133 

229 



INDEX. 157 

Page. 

Leaf-spot, susceptibility and resistance of the cowpea 25, 78-98, 100-142 

Leaves of cowpea, distinctive characters 20-21 

Life period of cowpea. See Maturity. 

Linna?us, Carolus, on species of Vigna 7, 9, 10, 12, 143 

Little, J. C, distributor of cowpea seeds 85, 93, 103 

Louisiana, source of varieties of vignas 16, 17, 29, 

40, 42-63, 65-71, 81, 83, 88, 89, 92, 95-97. 99, 100, 103, 114, 115, 128, 141 
Lubia baeladi, Arabian name for Dolichos lubia 12 

McCullough's Sons, J. M., distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea. 81, 86, 87 

McLean. J. H., & Sons, distributors of cowpea seeds. 87, 126 

MacLeod, John, on varieties of the cowpea ' 35 

McLeon, A. D., distributor of cowpea seeds 140 

McLouth, J. D., on varieties of cowpeas 126, 140 

McXair, A. D., on varieties of cowpeas in Arkansas 40, 42 

Madagascar, source of species of Vigna -. 7 

Madison, Ind.. experiments with cowpeas. See Experiments. 

Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, ancient source of vignas 8 

Malformations of the cowpea, distinctive characters 24-25 

Manchuria, source of varieties of vignas 101, 103 

Mann, Albert, study of the flower of the cowpea 26 

Markham, J. W., distributor of cowpea seeds 140 

Marshall, B. T., distributor of cowpea seeds 89 

Marshall, T. M., distributor of cowpea seeds 114 

Maryland, source of varieties of vignas 41, 42, 43, 87 

Mason, J. P., distributor of cowpea seeds 114 

Massachusetts, source of varieties of cowpeas 56 

Matthews, G. B.. & Sons, distributors of cowpea seeds 103 

Maturity, variation of life period of cowpeas 24 

Maule. W. H.. on a arieties of vignas 58. 66, 68. 69, 81, 90. 132 

May. D. F., distributor of cowpea seeds 114 

Meacham, F. I., on varieties of the cowpea 71. 87. 91, 94, 95 

Melear, R . T . . experience with cowpeas 93-94 

Mexico, source of variety of asparagus bean 77 

Michigan Agricultural College. See Experiments. 

Michigan, source of varieties of vignas 33. 46, 55. 57. 71. 80-83. 95, 126, 140 

Mildew, occurrence on the cowpea \ 25. 79 

Milner. A. A., distributor of cowpea seeds 103 

Minnesota, source of varieties of vignas 55. 58. 66, 70, 71 

Mississippi, source of varieties of vignas 16, 

17, 38, 39, 42, 45-4S. 50. 51. 53-71. 102. 115, 128 
Missouri, source of varieties of vignas. . . 15, 41, 42, 43. 46, 49, 53, 61. 69. 79, 85, 86, 91, 136 
Monetta, S. C. See Experiments. 

Mooers. C. A., on varieties of the cowpea 24. 39, 42 

Moorhouse, L. A., on varieties of the cowpea 70 

Morse. W. J., assistance in testing cowpeas 37 

Mozambique, occurrence of Vigna nilotica 12 

Xames of the cowpea. See Nomenclature. 

Nebraska, source of varieties of the cowpea 16. 50. 81 

Nectaries, floral and extra-floral, relation to pollination of the cowpea 26. 32 

Nematodes, cause of root-knot of the cowpea 25. 78. 127 

Xeocosmospora vasinfecta, cause of wilt of the cowpea 25 

229 



158 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OE THE COWPEA, ETC. 



Page. 

New Hampshire, source of varieties of vignas G6, 7] 

New Jersey, source of varieties of vignas 49, 56, 65, 69, 81. 87, 99, 126 

Newman, C. L., experiments with cowpeas 18, 

33-34, 39, 40, 42, 52, 83-85, 87, 90-91, 93, 96-99, 1 16-117, 137-139 

New Mexico, source of varieties of the cowpea 45. 48, 52 

New South Wales, source of varieties of vignas 59, 67, 112, 113 

New York, source of varieties of vignas 49. 54, 60, 67, 71 

Nielsen, H. T., assistance in testing cowpeas 37 

Nipper, J. L., distributor of cowpea seeds 139 

Nomenclature of the cultivated vignas 9-14, 34-37, 44-71, 143 

North Carolina, source of varieties of vignas 15-17, 

39, 42, 45-51, 55, 56, 58-71, 77, 87, 91, 94, 95, 103, 114, 128, 139, 140 
Nubia, occurrence of Vigna nilotica 12 

O'Bier, W. S., distributor of cowpea seeds 103, 138 

Ockels, Herman, distributor of cowpea seeds 83. 103 

Ogemaw Seed Co., distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea. 83 

Ohio, source of varieties of vignas 81. 86, 87. 99 

Oklahoma, source of varieties of the cowpea 10, 

40, 42, 46, 49, 69, 70. 83, 88, 92, 96, 97, 100, 103, 114, 140-142 

Oliver, G. W., hybridizing work with cowpeas 7-8. 34, 72. 85 

Orange Judd Farmer, article on the cowpea 52 

Orton, W. A., and Webber, H. J., on diseases of the cowpea 25 

on the cowpea 28, 34, 65, 66, 76-79, 94, 95, 127, 134. 138 

Osborn, Burr, distributor of cowpea seed 114 

Panama, source of \arieties of the cowpea 76 

Pea, cornfield, variant name for cowpea 34, 36 

cow. See Cowpea. 

Indian, variant name for cowpea 34-35 

southern, variant name for cowpea 34. 36 

field, variant name for cowpea 34 

Pedigreed seeds. See Seeds of cowpea, pedigreed. 

Pennsylvania, source of varieties of vignas . . 49, 52. 54-58, 61, 63. 66, 08. 6!). 8J. 90. 132 

Phaseolus, comparison with Vigna 7. 12, 143 

antillanus, examination of plant in London herbarium 143 

nanus, name applied to dwarf variety of the cowpea 11 

radiatus, botanical name of the mung bean 49 

sphaerospermus, synonym for Vigna Sinensis 10 

Philippine Islands, source of varieties of vignas 78, 79. 115 

Pitchers, malformation of leaves of the cowpea 25 

Piper, C. V., on nomenclature of the cowpea 41, 143 

Plant Seed Co., distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea 43, 91 

Pods of cowpea, distinctive characters 11, 23-24 

Pollination of cowpea flowers 25-27, 32 

Portugal, source of varieties of vignas 11, 13, 132 

Portuguese East Africa, source of varieties of cowpeas 122 

West Africa, source of cultivated Vigna 13 

Potts, H. W., distributor of cowpea seeds 59, 131 

Powell, William, on origin of Powell's Early Prolific cowpea 59 

Rayn, W. J., distributor of cowpea seeds 140 

Redson, O. Z., distributor of cowpea seeds 128 

Register, J. R., distributor of cowpea seeds 138 

229 



INDEX. 



159 



Page. 

Rhodesia, South Africa, source of varieties of vignas 29,119,120,131,143 

Richardson, R. R., distributor of cowpea seeds 140 

Rolfs, P. H., on desirable characters of the cowpea 15 

Romans, Bernard, on varieties of cowpeas in Florida 52, 65, 70 

Root-knot, susceptibility of the cowpea 25, 28, 34, 79, 111, 127 

Ruffin, Edmund, on the cowpea 36, 45, 46, 48, 49, 54, 56, 61, 64, 65, 68, 89, 139 

Rust, susceptibility and resistance of the cowpea 25, 28, 29, 78-98, 100-143 

Sasage, Japanese name for the asparagus bean and the cowpea 10, 77 

Schmitz, Nickolas, on varieties of cowpeas in Maryland 41, 42 

Scott, J. M., on varieties of cowpeas in Florida 39, 42 

Seeds of cowpea, distinctive characters 8-9, 21-23, 28-29, 72-75 

pedigreed, notes concerning 44-71 

Senegambia, occurrence of Vigna nilotica 12 

Shomas, Mrs. H. W., distributor of cowpea seeds 128 

Simms, G. M., distributor of cowpea seeds 92, 114 

Skipper, H. E., distributor of cowpea seeds 87 

Sloop, J. E., distributor of cowpea seeds 87 

Smith, J. J., distributor of cowpea seeds 128 

Pinckney, originator of varieties of the cowpea 65-66 

Soil, influence on habits of growth of cowpeas 18 

Sources of species and varieties of cultivated vignas 7, 143 

See also names of domestic States and foreign countries. 

South Africa, source of varieties of vignas 13, 

28, 29, 35, 74, 75, 103, 119-120, 124, 130-131, 143 

See also countries in South Africa; as Rhodesia, Transvaal, etc. 
South America, source of varieties of vignas 7 

See also countries in South America; as Brazil, Chile, etc. 

South Carolina, source of varieties of vignas 16-18, 

38, 39, 42, 46, 49, 53, 54, 62, 65, 67, 69, 76-79, 81, 83-84, 87, 89, 
91, 94, 95,101, 111, 114, 116, 118, 122, 127, 128, 131, 134, 138, 142 

South Dakota, source of varieties of cowpeas 81, 82, 99 

Spain, source of variety of catjang 141 

Sphaerotheca sp., cause of mildew on the cowpea 25 

Spillman, W. J., experiments with natural crosses of cowpeas 33 

Sports, relation to origin of varieties 27 

Spragg, F. A., experiments with natural crosses of cowpeas 33 

Starnes, H. N., on description of cowpea varieties 86, 90 

Steckler, J., Seed Co., distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea 43, 

53, 95, 96, 115, 128, 141 

Stems of the cowpea. See Habits of growth. 
Stillwater, Okla. See Experiments. 

Sudan, source of variety of cowpea 126 

Sumatra, source of varieties of vignas 127, 130, 131, 132 

Sweden, cultivation of the cowpea 10, 143 

Syria, occurrence of Vigna nilotica 12 

Ten Eyck, A. M., on varieties of the cowpea in Kansas 40-41, 42, 88 

Tennessee, source of varieties of vignas 15, 39, 42, 46, 49, 52, 93, 114, 115 

Tests of varieties. See Experiments. 

Texas Seed and Floral Co., distributors of varieties of the cowpea 43, 81, 92, 100 

source of varieties of vignas 15, 16, 18, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45-47, 

51, 53, 54, 56-58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68-70, 78, 81-84, 88, 92, 93, 96, 100, 113, 114 

229 



160 



AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES OF THE COWPBA, ETC. 



Page. 

Thompson, C. M., distributor of cowpea seeds 114 

Townsend, E. C , distributor of cowpea seeds 132 

Tracy, S. M., on varieties of cowpeas in Mississippi 39, 42. 102, 128 

Transvaal, South Africa, source of varieties of cowpea 124. 130 

Trinkle, J. W.> experiments with cowpeas. 30-32, 84, 95, 99, 114, 116, 133, 137, 141. 142 

Turkey, Asiatic, source of varieties of the cowpea 76-77 

Turney, Mr., distributor of cowpea seeds 113 

Uromyces phaseoli, occurrence on the cowpea 25, 28 

Variability of the cowpea 15-19, 27-28 

Varieties. See lists under plant names: Bean, Catjang, and Cowpea. 

Varn, Kline 0., grower of variety of cowpea 45 

Vaulx, Joseph, on volunteer variety of cowpeas 115 

Venezuela, source of variety of cowpea 79. 115 

Victoria, Australia, source of variety of cowpea 62 

Vigna capensis, cultivation in Africa 13 

catjang, botanical name of the catjang 7-8, 12 

comparison with Dolichos and Phaseolus 7, 12 

glabra, synonym of V. luteola 7 

luteola, cultivation in sub tropic regions 7 

luteolus, relationship to the catjang 13 

nilotica, culture in Africa and Syria 12, 13 

sesquipedalis, botanical name of the asparagus bean 7, 9, 45 

sinensis, botanical name of the cowpea 13, 136, 143 

unguiculata, synonym for Vigna sinensis 7-11 

vexillata, relationship to the cowpea 7. 11 

Vignas, botanical history of cultivated species 9-14 

See also Bean, asparagus; Catjang; and Cowpea. 

Virginia, source of varieties of vignas 15, 

17, 38, 42, 43, 46, 48-50, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 77, 
81, 82, 85-89, 95, 99-101, 114, 125, 126, 132, 133, 139, 141 
See also Experiments with cowpeas at Arlington. 

Watters, J. F., distributor of cowpea seeds 140 

Webber, H. J., and Orton, W. A., on diseases of the cowpea 25 

Weevils, susceptibility of vignas to attack 9, 143 

West Indies, source of varieties of cowpea 52 

Wiancko, A. T., on varieties of cowpeas in Indiana 41-42 

Wight, W. F., on the history of the cowpea 7-9. 35 

Willet. N. L., Seed Co., distributors of seed of cowpea varieties 44, 

48, 52, 53, 55, 57, 63, 71, 103, 113, 127, 131, 139, 141 

Williams, T. S., on origin of the Iron cowpea 79 

Wilt, susceptibility of the cowpea 25, 28, 34, 76-79, 94, 111, 118, 122-123, 127, 134 

Wood, Stubbs & Co., on the relative demand for varieties of the cowpea 43 

Wood, T. W., & Sons, distributors of commercial varieties of the cowpea 43, 

60, 61, 66, 81, 82, 85-89, 95, 99-101. 103. 12-5-126, 132, 133, 139, 141 
Wreyford, Samuel, distributor of cowpea seeds 128 

Youngblood, B., on varieties of the cowpea in Texas 40. 42 

Yueng pian doh, Chinese name for asparagus bean 122 

229 



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